Russell On Platonic Universals Essays - Ontology, Universal

Russell On Platonic Universals The consideration of Platonic universals consequently rouses controversy among philosophers. Thinkers like Bertrand Russell and Thomas Hobbes contribute reflective explanations for the undeniable usage of question-begging ideas in language and thought. While the deliberation of Platonic universals might seem to be fruitless and, at best, obscure to the layperson, it does function as a critical foundation for metaphysics and epistemology. Whether a philosopher agrees or disagrees with the idea of Platonic universals is irrelevant to the certain truth that he or she must form some opinion of them preceding most any philosophic endeavor. To attempt to summarize Plato's theory of universals in a paragraph would do it a great injustice but a simple, working definition of the theory is necessary to move any further. Plato's theory can be condensed as follows: A universal (or form) is an independently existing, nonspatial, nontemporal "something" known only through thought and that cannot be known through the senses; independently existing objects of thought; that which makes a particular thing uniquely and essentially what it is. In even simpler terms, a universal would be something like the "redness" of an apple. According to Plato, the red quality of the apple must exist because the apple is red. But"redness" itself isn't a tangible thing that can be directly experienced with the senses. You cannot produce "red" itself, only things that are red. But it is not only the fact that an apple is red that distinguishes it from other objects in the world. In addition to its "redness", an apple is an apple. An apple is not a pear. The quality unique to the apple is its "appleness". Thus, by appealing to the Platonic universals one can make a distinction between an apple and a pear, or all other things in the world. I. Thomas Hobbes' Nominalism Plato concluded that universals must actually exist. That is, that when "appleness" is appealed to, something ?out there' provides classification for the thing in question. This was (and still is) a radical notion that demanded explanation and was highly susceptible to criticism. Among those critics was Thomas Hobbes, a 16th Century social and political philosopher. In his work, The Leviathan, Hobbes argued that thought is a purely material event and that universals are just a result of language. Hobbes was a nominalist. Nominalism is the view that there are no universals over and above particular individuals2. For Hobbes, one of the answers to the question of universals could be found in the commonality of things. For instance, if a rock and a table are both hard, it is not because we refer to a universal, "hardness" for them, it is because we use the word "hard" to describe both of them. Another point made by Hobbes was that humans place things into categories in order to satisfy certain needs. Heimir Geirsson made a good analogy of this idea in his Metaphysics textbook, Beginning Metaphysics. He uses a weed for the analogy: A good example of this is the term "weed," which is defined as a plant that is not desired or cultivated by human beings and grows profusely. This is not a natural species that would exist even if human beings had never decided to classify some plants as "weeds." Many human beings are interested in having a special category for plants they don't like and that grow abundantly, and they create that category for plants they don't like, and they create that category with that name and definition. If human beings had not worried about weeds, then there would be no weeds. Of course, there would still be plants that we now call "weeds," e.g. dandelions and crabgrass, but they would not be weeds. Whether or not there are weeds depends on human beings classifying these plants as weeds.2 Geirsson's analogy is an interesting one because of the question it evokes. Why aren't all definitions like that of the weed, i.e., human classification? Hobbes thought that they were. For Hobbes, there were no real universals. Those things, which we refer to as universals, are simply created by humans out of a need to organize the world. II. Bertrand Russell on Platonic Universals Bertrand Russell attempted to defend the theory of Platonic universals. In order to do this he first thought it necessary to distinguish between universals that were qualities of things and those that were relations between things. The most practical way to separate qualities and relations is to understand them through their linguistic functions. Adjectives and common nouns express qualities or properties of

C for Beginners - Learn About C

C for Beginners - Learn About C C is a general purpose programming language invented in the early 1980s by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs. It is similar to C, invented in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie, but is a safer language than C and includes modern programming techniques such as object-oriented programming. You can read more about object-oriented programming. C was originally called C with Classes and is so compatible with C that it will probably compile more than 99% of C programs without changing a line of source code. This was a deliberate design feature by the designer. Here are a short overview and history of C. The purpose of C is to precisely define a series of operations that a computer can perform to accomplish a task. Most of these operations involve manipulating numbers and text, but anything that the computer can physically do can be programmed in C. Computers have no intelligence- they have to be told exactly what to do and this is defined by the programming language you use. Once programmed they can repeat the steps as many times as you wish at very high speed. Modern PCs are so fast they can count to a billion in a second or two. What Can a C Program Do? Typical programming tasks include  putting data into a database or pulling it out, displaying high-speed graphics in a game or video, controlling electronic devices attached to the PC or even playing music and/or sound effects. You can even write software to generate music or help you compose. Is C the Best Programming Language? Some computer languages were written for a specific purpose. Java was originally devised to control toasters, C for programming Operating Systems, Pascal to teach good programming techniques but C is a general purpose language and well deserves the Swiss Pocket Knife of Languages nickname. Some tasks can be done in C but not very easily, for example designing GUI screens for applications. Other languages like Visual Basic, Delphi and more recently C# have GUI design elements built into them and so are better suited for this type of task. Also, some scripting languages that provide extra programmability to applications like MS Word and even Photoshop tend to be done in variants of Basic, not C. You can find out more about the other computer languages and how they stack up against C. Which Computers Have C? This is better stated as which computers dont have C! The answer- almost none, it is so widespread. It is a nearly universal programming language and can be found on most microcomputers all the way up to big computers costing millions of dollars. There are C compilers for just about every type of operating system.   How Do I Get Started With C? First, you need a C compiler. There are many commercial and free ones available. The list below has instructions for downloading and installing each of the compilers. All three are completely free and include an IDE to make life easier for you to edit, compile and debug your applications. Download and Install Borlands Turbo C ExplorerDownload and Install Microsofts Visual C 2005 Express EditionDownload and Install Open Watcom C/C Compiler The instructions also show you how to enter and compile your first C application. How Do I Begin Writing C Applications? C is written using a text editor. This can be notepad or an IDE like those supplied with the three compilers listed above. You write a computer program as a series of instructions (called statements) in a notation that looks a little like mathematical formulas. This is saved out in a text file and then compiled and linked to generate machine code which you then can run. Every application you use on a computer will have been written and compiled like this, and many of them will be written in C. Read more about compilers and how they work. You cant usually get hold of the original source code unless it was open source. Is There Plenty of C Open Source? Because it is so widespread, much open source software has been written in C. Unlike commercial applications, where the source code is owned by a business and never made available, open-source code can be viewed and used by anyone. Its an excellent way to learn coding techniques.   Could I Get a Programming Job? Certainly. There are many C jobs out there and an immense body of code exists that will need updating, maintaining and occasionally rewriting. The top three most popular programming languages according to the quarterly Tiobe.com survey, are Java, C, and C. You could write your own games but youll need to be artistic or have an artist friend. Youll also need music and sound effects. Find out more about game development. Perhaps a professional 9-5 career would suit you better- read about a professional career or perhaps consider entering the world of software engineering writing software to control nuclear reactors, aircraft, space rockets or for other safety-critical areas. What Tools and Utilities Are There? Well if you cant find what you want, you could always write it. That is how most of the tools around came into existence.

Eco Tourism Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Eco Tourism - Case Study Example However, this niche market of the tourism sector has come under scrutiny for the positive and negative implications it presents. We will examine the positive and negative factors of ecotourism by looking at the political, economic, social and technological factors of ecotourism, and how they can increase visitor arrivals. Due to the ambiguous nature of the term 'eco-tourism' and the many meanings it has been assigned, it can sometimes become confusing. The confusion raised by the term needs to be clarified in order to better understand the nature of eco-tourism. A definition must be given to facilitate the understanding of its impacts on the industry. Eco-tourism according to the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP, n.d, beginning section, 1) is a developmental tool that can promote the three basic goals of the Convention on Biodiversity as listed below: share the benefits of ecotourism developments equitably with local communities and indigenous people, by obtaining their informed consent and full participation in planning and management of ecotourism businesses. All the literature reviewed for this paper reveal that other definitions have referred to it as nature based, alternative, green, adventure, and agri tourism. The main aim here is not to confuse ecotourism with sustainable tourism, although both are closely linked. Whereas ecotourism is more concerned with economic benefits for the community while maintaining a sound ecosystem, sustainable tourism is more concerned with saving the environment without economic gain. The one common factor in all these definitions is that there is a consensus that eco-tourism is about travel to destinations that are sustaining their natural resources for economic, social, and most importantly, natural benefits. With this definition at hand, a review of the literature reveals some key points of interest. These points address both negative and positive views about the management and positioning of eco-tourism in the industry and the future viability in the global framework. Positive PEST factors of Eco-Tourism Eco-tourism provides several benefits when managed properly. The first of these benefits is Political. Politically, most governments in one way or another have embraced ecotourism. This was encouraged when the area received its' largest boost with the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) declaration of 2002 as the International Year of Eco-tourism. Governments around the world have seen the importance of this niche market and recognized the necessity to support their tourism industry. Citing examples of various government efforts throughout the world Nash (2005) points to the growing involvement of government agencies in promoting and aiding eco-tourism. In England for example

Jake Barnes as a Hemingway Hero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jake Barnes as a Hemingway Hero - Essay Example Cohn likes Barnes so much that he wants to travel to South America, then to the fiesta in Spain. Brett often turns to Barnes for advice. Brett expresses a wish to be with Barnes, if the circumstances were different. Outsiders looking at Jake Barnes’ life would think he had everything. An example would be when Georgette, a girl Barnes’ met one night, commented to him â€Å"You have nice friends† (Hemingway 27). All of these friends did not help Barnes’ misery ebb. Barnes’ misery stems from a World War I wound. This wound has left Barnes impotent. The foremost pain in Barnes’ heart is Brett’s rejection of him based on his impotency. Barnes loves Brett. He would do anything for Brett. However the one thing he cannot provide, intimacy, is what she demands. Another facet of Barnes’ misery due to his impotency is his feelings of unmanliness. Since he cannot consummate any relationship physically, any relationship with Brett or any other woman is out of the question. This depresses Barnes. Most men equate being a man with their sexual prowess. In Barnes’ life journey accepting his impotency and moving on is crucial. Through out this novel, Jake Barnes is searching for the meaning of life or happiness. At first Barnes thinks happiness would only be found by being with Brett. Upon her rejection, Barnes tries to simplify his life in order to find the meaning of life. He goes fishing with Cohn, and then they go onto the fiesta. Every time Barnes gathers his thoughts, or tries to leave Brett to her own devices, she draws him back in. The futility of his life, of just living of being living with no meaning, can be summed up by Brett’s statement of the following â€Å"Oh, Jake . . . we could have had such a damned good time together† and Barnes reply of â€Å"Yes, isn’t it pretty to think so?† (Hemingway 248) Barnes

Special Education Attitude, Legislation and Litigation Essay

Special Education Attitude, Legislation and Litigation - Essay Example With good teachers and proper infrastructure the branch of Special Education is gradually becoming as important as any other stream. The education department of the United States of America has formulated policies that equally prioritize education for students with disabilities. To this purpose Individual’s with Disabilities Education Act has been developed and passed to ensure maximum benefit on the part of the disabled children in receiving standard education. IDEA has brought a refreshing transformation not only in the action plan but in changing people’s perspective towards the talent and potential of disabled children. Schools and other educational organizations have started giving noticeable importance in dispensing proper and quality education to the student with disabilities. IDEA has been made taken into consideration the different sectors of education including teacher education and training in special education focusing on the needs of the students with disabilities. In keeping with the No Child Left behind Policy (NCLB) new laws have been sanctioned and the old ones revised to bring perceptible changes in education for students with disabilities. The laws cater to the educational growth and development of disabled children. The branch of Special education has been re-emphasized so as to revolutionize it in terms of standard and quality. Specific laws have been promulgated to screen and identify students with disabilities within a general classroom so as to give them special attention within the classroom or develop a problem related special educational ambience for the child depending on the needs of the child. Emphasis is being given on developing a proper and need-oriented infrastructure supported by adequate funds for early intervention services (EIS, 2006). It has come to the notice of educational thinkers and administrators that the new law under IDEA reinvents IEP or the

Jetstar Airline is an airline company that provides low cost flight

Jetstar Airline is an airline company that provides low cost flight Jetstar have their code of practice. They always want to be better and more informative relationship between their customers and insurers. They have improved their customer confidence towards their services. Each complaint they receive from a customer, they will find a way to resolve the problem by providing better services for their customers. They will keep their customer services standards as high as possible in order to get their customers coming back for it. Other than that, Jetstar has a cultural belief that they need to focus on providing their customers the lowest rate as possible so that more customers in the Asia Pacific region that takes their flight from Singapore and Australia. As a low cost carrier airline, they face a lot of challenges from their competitors especially their market in Australia, Singapore and in the other parts of the Asia Pacific but still they kept on fighting in the challenges they encountered. Due to the challenges, Jetstars income statements have been hard to remain constant. Jetstar needs to implement more strategies in order to stabilize their sales and get them increase higher. Their strategy of providing low cost fares to their customers really promotes themselves as one of the low cost airline leaders. Jetstar has had a unique way of selling that enables them to offer the cheapest fares compared to the other low cost airline in the industry. Marketing mix consists of the 7Ps which are Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process and the Physical Evidence. By identifying these 7Ps it will be much easier for Jetstar to run and improve their business. Product The product that Jetstar Airline is selling is their flights destination. They offer their customers a destination that they could offer at a low cost. Price The prices they offer to their customers should be low and at a reasonable price. Since they are known as a low cost airline than they should do as what they say. Place The place where they sell their product is at the ticketing counter at an airport and also on their website which enables their customer to book and check their flight online. Promotion They always promote low prices when their customers book a flight in advance. They will give a very low price than the one they book on a near date. People The people are their target markets, who are their customers that favour to travel via airplane. They should focus on satisfying these people that have chosen to travel with their airline and they should try to attract others to chose their airline for travelling. Process The process they practice to sell their product is starting from checking their customers booking list and their flight availability to issuing the customers flight destination requests and checking in their luggage to their boarding time. Physical Evidence The only physical evidence that their customers have are their boarding pass. The boarding pass is a proof that the customer has purchase a flight destination with Jetstar Airlines. If there are any complaints to be made or an incident occurs on the flight they board, the boarding pass will be the proof that the customer is a passenger of Jetstar Airline. They have to know what to target and how to segment their market. Targeting and the segmentation of their market are important for them to enhance their business. Without focusing on these it will be hard for them to satisfy their customers. Jetstar target those who love to travel at low cost, and they have segmented their customers by knowing how to handle each customer differently and professionally. They have to really see the importance of targeting and segmentation. Understanding what their targeted customers needs and wants in the market helps them to provide better services for their customers. Segmentation will help them to spread their wings further and give them the opportunity to provide more flight destination to their customers. They should know where do travellers frequently travel to. At first their positioning strategy in the market was not really appealing to their target. They were not really perfect in some ways and that their fares were higher than the other low cost carriers that were operating in the Asia Pacific. In the Southeast Asia, their growths were held back by the regulatory environment of the region. Thus, Jetstar only gain losses from the start of their attempt to enter the Southeast Asia market. 3.0 Integration of Marketing Mix When the marketing mix are integrated, then only they can run their business smoothly because the already know what their products are, how much they are going to charge their fares, where they are going to sell it, what type of promotion are they going to offer to their customers, who are they going to sell it to, how are they going to process it and what type of evidence that the customer has purchase from them. This ensures them to Put the right product at the right place and at the right time. It might change based on the current changes of the market environment and economy. If there is a slight change in the economy such as an increase in the oil price, there will also be an increase in the fare price. A change in the environment will also affect their business, for example if there is a natural disaster or a war going on in a country that they frequently travel to; travellers would not want to travel to that certain country and their flight destination choice will be less. Their marketing mix must be able to adapt to certain changes that is occurring around them. 4.0 Target Market Segment In any business, they need to divide their market into smaller groups of customers that has a distinctive needs, characteristics, or behaviour that might need to be provided by a different product or marketing mixes; this is called market segmentation. (Armstrong G. Kotler P. 2003). Since Jetstar is a low cost carriage airline, they should turn their focus on the one segment that most of their customers prefer, even though they also offer a Star Class which gives much more comfort to the customer. They might have to improve on their services and their in-flight interior to make their customers feel comfortable at least when boarding their flight. Their in-flight services should really satisfy their customers by keeping them comfortable and providing them food and entertainment. When their customers are satisfied by what Jetstar has to offer them in their flights, surely they will suggest their other people to choose Jetstar for their travelling experiences. This way, they will be able to increase their sales. 5.0 Marketing Strategies Before building up a marketing strategy, they must look back into their marketing mix. They need to plan something that is out of the ordinary than the other low cost carriers. They can still offer a quite lavish service even though they are a low cost airline. They dont need to be the typical low cost airline where when a customer board it feels like they just boarded on a low cost bus but it does not have to be that way; customers have paid a fare that is much more expensive than taking a bus. Although, travelling by airplane is much more convenient and faster but it does not meant that customers should feel uncomfortable throughout their journey. Jetstar needs to be outstanding than the others in the industry if they want to be more profitable. They need to offer more flight destinations to their customers so that they have more choices of destination to choose from. They should also offer more departure time for their customers at least every 4 hours. By that it means Jetstar needs too buy more aircraft and hire more employees so that there could be more flights to more destinations; thus making it more profitable. In a short journey flight that is less than 3 hours, they should at least provide a complimentary drink from a choice of orange juice or carbonated drinks and not just by providing a water fountain and cups for the economy class  [2]  . Also they should provide some complimentary light snacks for the economy class customers such as peanuts or crackers. 6.0 Conclusion In order to conclude what has been written in this report, Jetstar should look into providing a service that is best for their customers. They should enhance every technology and services that they are practicing into a higher and upgraded level.

Essay --

Healthcare is the fastest-growing industry in America, because health affects every facet of all Americans’ lives. People are living longer and longer than before. The lengthier life expectancy is due to advancements in the science and delivery of healthcare. Health communication has been an essential aspect of the delivery of healthcare. Also, health communication makes an impact and influence on healthcare policy and political initiatives, therefore, affects the health and lives of the people. Thus, it is important to understand the health communication’s overview, planning processes, techniques, and methods that affect and influence healthcare policy and political initiatives. Communications has long been essential part in the healthcare business. It goes back to the mid 1900s when hospital used communications professionals to delivered patient situation reports and release news about the facility. As seen in pharmaceutical corporations, they would employ communication consultants or internal workers to publicize a new drug approval. Now-a-days, healthcare companies also used vast staffs for trademark and corporate communications. Hence, there have been a growing numbers of consulting companies in public relations and medical advertisement due to many new advanced social media. In the addition, as the healthcare communications grow, more health communication specialists are needed. In the last thirty years, more health communication degrees are offered in universities (Hicks & Nicols, 2012). Through communication, health information can be shared to the public or the individual patient. Health material is transferred by newspaper, television, Internet, radio, flyers, or billboard, etc. Though there is a reduction i... ...tfeeding. They trained their staffs to educate new mothers about the important of breastfeeding (Mahone, 1996). Also, media campaigns reach and inform pregnant and lactating women and father the important of breastfeeding. The campaigns also reach general public about breastfeeding benefit through using public service announcements on radio, television, and in newspapers, journals, and magazines. From the campaigns, the publics are more aware of advantages of breastfeeding and women are more contented breastfeeding in public (Arias, 2005). Effective planning processes, techniques, and methods will make a major impact in healthcare policies and political initiatives. Individuals and groups definitely promote the public health through communication. Collaboration among individuals and different media outlets will transpire information throughout the nation.

Ethics of Belief – Clifford

Clifford focuses on three main points throughout the Ethics of Belief article. He believes that in order to have a sense of belief one must inquire on the belief, question authority, and the limit the usage of inference. He believes that without these three factors it is difficult to come to a consensus on what are the right and wrong principles of belief. At the beginning of the article Clifford focuses on the duty of inquiry. In order to set the background, Clifford introduces a story about a man who sent a ship out into the sea knowing it was not seaworthy.The ships condition inevitably led to its sinking, and the death of the people aboard. Now, Clifford claims that the man is guilty of the death of these people because, â€Å"†¦ he had no right to believe such evidence was before him†(pg 236). This is true for a number of reasons. Paraphrasing what Clifford mentioned, mans belief is never a private matter, and every insignificant moment counts. Clifford states, †Å"†¦it is not the belief which is judged to be wrong, but the action following upon it†(pg 237).If the man had taken use of his time and taken the extra initiative to double check if the ship was in sea-worthy condition, he could have not been in a guilty position. Skipping this action effected lives of many. Clifford's argues that when one has a belief it does not matter whether the belief is true or false, but rather if it is followed through upon fair grounds. When speaking of the duty of inquiry, it is very important to inquire on the belief and obtain evidence as to create a fair inquiry.Second the weight of authority plays a role in the ethic of belief. One argument throughout the article is supporting the reason why should we believe something that goes beyond our own experience or even beyond the understanding of mankind. People tend to believe men with power and authority, but there may not be a justifiable reason to believe that they are not deluded themselves. Unless a belief created by authority is within their area of knowledge, how can we be justified in believing them.This question has helped people ask more questions, to examine, and to investigate beliefs and to determine what a belief should be based on before it should be believed to be true. The last point he made was on the limits of inference. The basis of this argument is that it is wrong to believe without sufficient evidence and that ultimately no evidence can be justified if it is beyond our knowledge and the uniformity of nature. I believe there is no flaw in Clifford's article.He believes that in order to have a valid belief it must have the principles of inquiry, limitations on authority, and the need for more evidence. Without inquiring more into the evidence, it can lead to false belief which can only cause trouble. I agree with Clifford's view of gaining knowledge through inquiry, examining and investigating the perspective of authority because there is no reason to b elieve that they themselves are in a position to know right from wrong, that their authority and command on belief is one to be trusted.Lastly I agree with his ideas on the limits of inference. A belief may be something that is beyond our experience and we might never understand this experience unless we have experienced it. Anyone can infer, but without evidence they can't justify a belief especially if it outside what is known to them. Every moment in life is precious it is very important that we take advantage of each moment. Clifford's views resonate with me because he cherishes the power of knowledge. It is crucial to constantly question, examine and investigate all beliefs and assumptions.Another important idea to note is that just because someone has a belief doesn't mean it has any grounds of truth. No amount of authority is grounds to believe any idea. Lastly it is important to always find evidence to support beliefs and never make unjustifiable assumptions as seen in that ship example. Belief gives humans a sense of power and allows them to gain a better understanding of life. Though it is important to recognize that this power can also easily be abused if not properly analyzed.

buy custom Cloud Computing for Business essay

buy custom Cloud Computing for Business essay Businesses in the 21st century are experiencing globalization and economic pressures, and this has prompted business owners to look for information technology solutions that are more efficient, scalable and available. Business leaders have directed their interests to the costs of technology used in delivering these solutions since they affect business activities and overall performance. Cloud computing has been pointed out as an upcoming information technology that can meet the requirement of lower ownership cost, dynamic provisions, increased efficiency and higher returns on investment (Miller Veiga, 2009). However, many IT professionals claim that cloud computing technology has many risks associated with privacy and confidentiality of using cloud. This paper will explore cloud computing characteristics, models used in offering services, benefits to businesses and risks associated with the technology. Definition of Cloud Computing Cloud computing is among the emerging information technologies, and its definition has not yet been agreed upon. According the Cloud Security Alliance and NIST cloud computing is a model that enables convenient, and on-demand access to computing resources such as applications, storage, servers and network services (Mell Grance, 2009). These resources are provided and released with minimal service provider interaction or management efforts. Cloud computing has been likened to a utility, businesses pay for this service in the same way they pay for water, gas and electricity use; the services are paid on a consumption basis. Characteristics of Cloud Computing Cloud computing comes with essential characteristics required by businesses that are operating in more competitive environments, and these characteristics include on-demand service, whereby, providers render automatic computing capabilities, which include network and server storage. This means that customers are able to access the needed service without human interaction. A cloud network has a broad network access; businesses that use this service can easily access the service using internet enabled devices such as laptops, smart phone, PDA and mobile devices (Mell Grance, 2009). The services provided by the cloud computing providers have different models that are used to serve multiple customers; the models have different physical as well as virtual resources that are dynamically assigned according to demand. Could computing is also characterized with location independence; in this case, the customer has no knowledge on location of the resources given by the provider and has no control over the resources as well. However, the customer can specify the level of abstraction in terms of data center, region or country. The resources delivered by the service provider include virtual machines, network bandwidth, memory, processing and storage. These resources are not only provided automatically, but also in unlimited quantities and at any time. The systems providing the resources are controlled automatically, and the resource use is optimized through leveraging of a metering capability, monitoring and controlling, ensuring of transparency for customers as well as the provider of the service (Mell Grance, 2009). Benefits of Cloud Computing Services Businesses in the 21st century enjoy benefits that never existed before cloud computing, most business owners are attracted to cloud computing because of a promise to increase financial savings. According to survey carried out in 2009 by IT executives and CIOs in Asia, 41% of the participants in the survey were considering using cloud solutions in their businesses or are already using cloud solutions, which shows that more businesses believe that cloud computing can solve their IT problems. This service gives many businesses an opportunity to streamline their business processes and increase innovation; business owners experience an increase in productivity as well as a transformation in business processes through ways that were considered expensive before cloud computing (IDC, 2009). Organizations in this era concentrate more on their core business, and not on scalability of infrastructure; the organization's business peak demands to perform well can be easily solved using cloud comp uting. All the improvements in operation and performance are realized because of the following benefits offered by cloud computing. a) Cost Containment Could computing gives business enterprises the opportunity of scalability with less financial commitments for purchasing infrastructure and maintenance, and any organization that needs cloud computing services does not incur any capital expenditure, and services are available on demand. Organizations are also allowed to save by eliminating costs that come with wasted resources, such as unused server space, and experiment with new technologies without a large investment (Qian et al., 2009). Cloud computing also has different models, and organizations have the freedom to compare the costs of using different models, and choose the model they think reduces their costs. According to the research carried out in 2010 by Khajeh-Hosseini and others, changing data centers from organization infrastructure to cloud infrastructure saves close to 37% of a companys cost over 5 years. b) Immediacy Most business enterprises that use cloud computing in the 21st century highlight that the service is provided and utilized within a day; the services are provided fast when compared to conventional information technology projects that took weeks or months before their actual utilization. Cloud computing reduces costs that are related to the delay in the provision of computing services. c) Availability Cloud computing service providers have a well established infrastructure and bandwidth that satisfies businesses high speed access, application and storage requirements. The service providers frequently have redundant paths; therefore, they do load balancing to ensure that service systems are not overloaded causing service delay (IDC, 2009). This means that businesses are assured that the service is not interrupted, especially at times when it is much needed; however, businesses are advised to take precautions in case of service interruptions. d) Scalability The service providers have unconstraint capacity, which means that they have high flexibility and scalability for the ever changing IT needs. Organizations benefit from this feature because they do not worry of purchasing and changing to new applications and requirements; the changes are done by the cloud computing service providers, and are implemented on demand Qian et al. (2009). This also saves organizations from time wasted on implementation of the new services. e) Efficiency Most organizations using cloud computing services relocate their information management operations to cloud and focus their efforts on research and development, and innovation. This allows a business to grow in its products and businss activities, and this might be more beneficial to an organization than financial advantages (Qian et al., 2009). Through product growth and development, an organization improves its public image and earns customer confidence, which leads to increase in sales and thus increasing profits. Organizations in the 21st century require a service that is reliable, a service that will ensure that business information remains untouched, and activities are not completely paralyzed in the event of a disaster. Cloud computing providers have come up with solutions for disaster scenarios and for load balancing traffic, and in situations of a natural disaster or heavy traffic the service providers have resiliency and capacity to sustain their services through an unexpected event. Potential Costs Savings Organizations that have embraced cloud computing have managed to overcome the challenge of finding right employees for the jobs offered, this has mostly been realized by SMEs, which compete for potential employees with bigger companies, and do not have enough resources for recruiting employees. Most recruitment processes take time and effort; organizations have to advertise for positions, do screening and conduct interviews, all these processes are expensive for small businesses. With cloud computing, the recruitment process is made easier and affordable, this started with the launch of Zartis, a start-up that provides a cloud-based recruitment process, where employees are recruited online (Miller Veiga, 2009). After recruiting, the program also stores information about employees in the cloud store; this means that the company that recruits using this process need only to retrieve information about the recruits and check on their answers to the interview question, and choose the qua lified candidates. Cloud computing also reduces costs related to the amount of carbon emission to the environment. The organization that uses service providers infrastructure reduces the fuel used by the organization; consequently, the organization reduces the amount of carbon emission to the environment (Miller Veiga, 2009). This means that the organization will pay less for carbon emissions. Less carbon emissions do not only reduces organization costs, but also conserves the environment, which boosts the image of the organization as an organization that cares about the environment. Organizations that use infrastructure installed by service providers save on the cost of buying and installation of the equipment, as well as its maintenance. Costs of having more employees for information management and an extra room for storing information are also reduced. Models of Cloud Computing Service Models a) Infrastructure as a Service Model This is a service that provides network transfer capabilities, storage, processing, and other fundamental computing resources. Customers that use this model do not have the full control of the underlying hardware infrastructure; they are only given the ability to deploy as well as run arbitrary software; this includes using operating systems and applications. Capabilities are delivered either as a part of a server integrated collection or a single server in a private data center. According to Lin et al. (2009), this model is suitable for administrators and infrastructure providers, and Amazon Web Services is an example of a model in this category. b) Platform as a Service This model develops an environment for installing new applications on the cloud. In this case, customers are offered platforms as solution stacks and tools that are supported by the provider. Customers using this model have no control over the infrastructure but have limited control over installed applications. According to Lin and others (2009), the target group for this model includes internet application developers, and examples are Force.com application development platforms and Google App Engine. c) Software as a Service In this model, the customer is allowed to use applications provided on the cloud infrastructure of the provider. The applications are accessed using a client interface, for instance, a web browser is used to access applications such as Microsoft Word, Excel among others. The cloud infrastructure is not managed or controlled by the customer. This service model is divided into applications and application services, and according to Lin and other (2009), this service model suites IT and application users. Examples of SaaS service model include customer relationship management software of Salesforce.com and Google Docs office suite Deployment Models a) Public Cloud This is a traditional cloud computing model; it is available either to a large industry group or to the general public, and owned by cloud computing service providers. In this model, resources are provided from a third party providers site, the third party provider shares the resources with a large industry or the general public (Qian et al., 2009). b) Private Cloud This is a model that is exclusively for an organization; it can be controlled by a third party or organization. This model might be situated on the premise or off the premise. c) Hybrid Cloud This model has a cloud infrastructure with more than one cloud with unique identities; however, the clouds are bound together by proprietary or standardized technology that ensures data and application portability (Qian et al., 2009). The providers in this model are multiple external and/or internal. d) Community Cloud Community cloud model has several organizations sharing a cloud infrastructure; it can be managed by the provider or organizations, and can be installed on the premise or off the premise. Concerns with Cloud Computing More business enterprises are continuing to embrace cloud computing, however, some are shying away from this new technology of computing. According to the research carried out by ISACA in 2010, most of the people shy away from cloud computing cite security concerns, and according to them there are more risks than benefits associated with cloud computing . In the 21st century, the business environment has become more dynamic, and more focus is on globalization, this means that many enterprises are outsourcing some of the business function. When an organization chooses to involve a third party in through cloud computing, it uses the service providers services as well as technology. The business has to cope with the providers way of running the organization, organizational culture and policies, as well as the architectures put in place; therefore, the business owners fiirst challenge is choosing a provider. Some of the factors considered are history, reputation and ability to provide sustainable services, however, ability to provide sustainable services is of more importance to ensure that services are available, and data is tracked (IDC, 2009). Therefore, many organizations do not value other factors when choosing a cloud computing service provider, and this might affect the future performance of an organization. Once the cloud provider is allowed to offer computing services, it takes the organizations responsibility of handling information, which is a critical part of the organization. If the chosen service provider does not offer services as per the agreed level, then the confidentiality of the business, and the availability of the service might be affected, and this might severely affect the business operations. Cloud computing is a service that is dynamic in nature, and sometimes it might create confusion, especially on the side of those using the service; the user might be confused on the information storage, and this might create delay in the retrieval of information (Kim et al., 2009). One of the services offered by cloud computing providers is storage of information, and this might include the organizations sensitive information. The third party access to such information might compromise the confidentiality of the organizations sensitive information; this might create a threat to the intellectual property protection, and secrets of the trade. If this information is made available to the competitors of an organization, it can be used against the organization. It is impossible to create private data networks for the organizations that choose to use public clouds unless they agree to pay for an extra cost; systems that are used in public clouds use systems that are highly available, and this might lead to commingling of the organizations information assets with other customers of the cloud provider, which include the organizations competitors (Kim et al., 2009). Cloud computing comes with its laws and regulations, and this is according to the geographic regions; these can become challenging because there is little legal precedent on cloud computing liability. The customers have to incur an extra cost on legal advice before engaging in any contract with the cloud provider; this is to seek clarity on areas that the cloud provider is liable and responsible for ramification in case issue arise later. The dynamic nature of cloud computing services makes businesses doubt the availability of the stored information, especially in the case of disaster (Kim et al., 2009). This means that cloud computing providers need to improve on their storage and application services to assure business owners of continuity and recovery of lost documents. Interventions Concerns and risks presented by cloud computing services can be controlled by the business, and the cloud computing service providers for this technology to be the benefits that come with new technology to be fully enjoyed. The risks can be controlled through the following ways: 1) Changing Issues with Cloud Computing and Governance Businesses that use cloud computing to provide its IT services should ensure that the cloud model they choose aligns with the business activities, the systems they are using are secure, and risk is minimized. This might be difficult when dealing with cloud service providers, therefore, the business should align their governance activities in order to cope with the cloud technology and the providers; these activities include defining roles and responsibilities, policy and standard development and goals of the organization (Khajeh-Hosseini et al., 2010). For instance, an organization should change its old ways of processing data and the way they develop and retrieve information, and adopt the new ways used by cloud computing providers. The organization should also realize that data security conditions are changed after adopting cloud computing services; therefore, information security policies should change to fit the security conditions presented by the cloud computing service provide rs. 2) Assurance for Cloud Computing The service provided by cloud computing service providers are prone to changes, and this makes it difficult for the service providers to convince the customers on the quality of their services (Kim et al., 2009). The service providers should improve their assurance by providing infrastructure and software services that constitute the cloud. The service providers should ensure transparency by providing effective and strong security controls, assuring their customers that their information would not be accessed, destructed or changed by unauthorized people by placing controls that would prevent, detect and react to any attempt to access the information (Khajeh-Hosseini et al., 2010). Privacy concerns are increasing among those using cloud computing services around the globe, and the service providers should prove that they are able to provide privacy of the information stored using cloud computing (Kim et al., 2009). Cloud providers should put in place privacy control measure to prevent and detect such cases in time, as well as reporting lines of communication; this should be affected before provision of services commences. The controls should be checked periodically for proper functioning. The cloud computing providers should comply with litany laws and regulations, which demand that data should be kept in one place and it should be easily received. This will ensure that the information demanded by customers is easily retrieved from the cloud store without any delay. The issue of trans-border information flow should also be clarified. The physical location of data stored in a cloud is not always known; this might be an issue because country laws on personally identifiable information are different, and what is legal in one country might not be the same in another one (Mell Grance, 2009). Providers should clarify this issue to their customers to clear their worries of breaking the country laws. Providers should also assure their customers by showing them that they are certified, therefore, they are doing the right thing; providers should endow the customers with an auditor report, which is essential in assurance programs. Conclusion Cloud computing is a technology that offers many benefits such as a reduction in cost of information management operations, infrastructure for computing services, among others; it also has different models that enable the user to choose according to the requirements, cost and benefits. However, it has been cited with risks associated to information security, and this has affected its use by business owners. There are different ways to reduce information risks, which include changing governance and aligning organizational policies on information security, roles and responsibilities, and goals to suite cloud computing services offered by the providers. Again, it should be understood, this technology is still new; therefore, it should not be quickly dismissed, and researchers should be given a chance to look for more efficient ways of reducing or eliminating the information security risk and other risks. Buy custom Cloud Computing for Business essay

Anomie Theory essays

Anomie Theory essays Anomie theory belongs to an important person by the name of Emile Durkheim. This theory was his most important work in his study and experimenting of deviant behavior. He created this theory by accident thinking it was the explanation of suicide. According to Durkheim, social organization is needed for an external force for each individuals goal to be reached with collective order. When disruption occurs among collective order, goals may not be reached and traditional rules loose over behavioral rules. This lose causes a state of deregulation and normalness that is anomie. A regular function of the collective order usually breaks down at the occurrence of sudden depression, sudden prosperity, and rapid technology change. When this occurs the goal reaching among an individual becomes almost impossible if not difficult. Hard to adapt readily to a lower state of existence is the effect sudden depression have among an individual. Sudden prosperity affects the collective order of an indiv idual because it makes that person think they can attain limitless wealth and power. The technology change can also make a person think of boundless hopes in effect to the collective order. According to Durkeim, these conditions among the collective order can lead to suicide particularly in Western industrialized societies. Durkeim didnt mention about crimes with the disruption of the collective order in his anomie theory but another great scholar by the name of Robert K. Merton did. He elaborated on the thesis of Durkeim. His elaboration and his work showed the details of why there was deviance and why it occurs. Merton distinguished between two elements in his elaboration. The elements of social and cultural structures: the culturally defined goals human beings are enjoined to pursue and the social structure that regulates and controls the acceptable modes or means for the pursuit of goals and interests. He also s ...

Cyber Security (Potential Security Threats, Challenges for Hybrid Coursework

Cyber Security (Potential Security Threats, Challenges for Hybrid Cloud Solution, Cyber Security Concerns Associated With Mobile Devices, Nature of Internet Activists) - Coursework Example Some of the internet activist just like hackers tends to disrupt normal online operations of the target organization, in addition to blocking online access to targeted facilities. Moreover, internet activist focus on electronic civil disobedience done by creating partnerships plus coalitions that function independently, for instance the Protest.Net and Action Alert known for posting time and place for movements (Tavani, 2010). Internet Activists utilize the web for the most part in a non-intrusive manner, so as to press on with their grounds in the most proficient manner. That is why they operate websites which provide information regarding matters relatable to their cause, and offer links to sites which are of attention to their cause. In addition, they provide information concerning upcoming events and generally aid non-disruptive activities. For instance, they employ virtual sit-ins plus blockades, in addition to e-mail bombs (Jordan, 2002). Traditional hackers on the other hand use web hacks, computer break-ins, together with the spread of computer viruses plus worms. They attack corporations’ networks to make use of data for their financial gain, or in some instances for industrial espionage (Gardner & Kobtzeff, 2012). Traditional hackers unlike internet activists, employ more malicious and unsettling motives plus means, such as illegally using user accounts with privileges to run codes, with the intention of damaging and corrupting data, or stealing data plus software so as to stop genuine authorized users. They tend to disrupt normal operations and result in serious damage. However, both make use of certain tactics in particular e-mail spoofing and Distributed Denial of Service attacks on corporations with the intention of damaging the corporation’s public image, such as cracking techniques used for defacing Web sites. For instance, traditional hackers employ attack software, such as Aping@commands that attacked NATO sites during Kosovo war, and they seek to deluge the target server with network packets (Denning, 2002). They are also highly skilled when it comes to network design, and the techniques of avoiding security procedures. But, internet activists emphasize membership through e-mail newsletters, notices, and alerts concerning upcoming events. Both possess the power to interrupt and harm their opposition via electronic measures (National Communications System (U.S.), 2000). Current Monitoring Technologies Used To Detect Intrusions One of the present monitoring technologies applicable for a company that might be a target are the signature based and the anomaly based Network Intrusion Detection Systems (Ghosh, 2010). Such technologies are designed to detect possible intrusions like malicious acts, computer attack or intrusion of a virus. Enormous Network Intrusion Detection Systems server are placed on the links comprising a backbone network, so as to monitor every traffic, a nd the smaller systems are placed to keep an eye on traffic directed to an exact server, gateway, or even a router (Brazier & et tal, 2011). Consequently, the technology alerts the appropriate person upon detection. For instance, the Intrusion Prevention System makes use of high-tech multi-threaded architecture comprising virtual sensors which scales to shield even the most expanse enterprise networks. When it is deployed in conjunction with Security Information and Event Management or with Automatic

Properties of Materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Properties of Materials - Essay Example There are two rules of thumb that have been given in comparing the density of materials i.e. titanium is nearly half the density of steel and that of aluminum is about one third the density of steel. Any heavy and weak material is considered bad but for a strong and light material is considered good. Stress and strain Stress has been described as the amount of force applied to a certain material divided by the cross sectional area of the material to the direction of the force. Strain properties, on the other hand, indicate how much a material lengthens under stress. Tensile and comprehensive strength The strength of a material can be measured by putting a material sample in a powerful materials testing machine, which pulls the materials apart and then records the force required to do so, plus the deformation to the material. Compression strength is determined by subjecting the material under pressure until it breaks i.e. heat, impact, et cetera. Tensile and compressive indicators are then recorded. These are good measure of how much impact the building materials can withstand without breaking if subjected to certain pressures (James, 2011, 35). Elastic and plastic deformation As explained in the stress strain diagrams above, elasticity and plastic deformation occurs prior and after application of a certain amount of stress on a certain material. In figure 2 above, below point A, we find that steel goes back to its original state hence it is elastic. Beyond point B, the steel cannot go back to its original length hence it is deformed or inelastic. Permanent elongation of a material is called plastic deformation. The same case applies to other building materials under different stress conditions. Below is the load deformation curve: Modulus of elasticity This is a coefficient which denotes the ratio of stress per unit area acting on, to cause deformation on a material to the resulting deformation therefrom. The elastic modulus, E, is usually determined after the compression tests are done on buildings. It differs in various types of materials for building. Elasticity modulus for steel is determined during manufacture while that of a concrete wall is calcula ted depending on the building dimensions. Task II Figure three: Graph of load against extension See the excel attachment Modulus of elasticity, E E = 2G(r+1) where G is the modulus of rigidity and r is the Poisson’s ratio. E= (F) (L1)/ (A) (L2) where F is the force or load, L1 is the original length of material (in this case mild steel), L2 is the amount the length changes on application of the load, A is the cross section area that the force is applied on the material. Area of the rod steel is given by the formula:, then A= 22/7* 12.52 = 491.07 mm2 E = {[50*195] / [491.07*0.09] + [100*195] / [491.07*0.19] + [150*195] / [491.07*0.29] + [160*195] / [491.07*0.34] + [165*195] / [491.07*0.46] + [170*195] / [491.07*0.78] + [180*195] / [491.07*0.84] + [190*195] / [491.07*0.91] + [200*195] / [491.07*0.98] + [210*195] / [491.07*1.07] + [220*195] / [491.07*1.24]