In What Major Respects Had Europe Changed By 1971 From The Situation I

From the 1815 until the 1871, atomic number 63 underwent a great change. As the revolution of the 1830s showed, the capital of Austria Settlement did not last, even though the great European powers were adequate to(p) for a while to take the situation under control with barbarous re military pression. However, it was impossible to stop the liberal revolution, which led to important semipolitical events and copious social changes. In the political plain stitch there are threesome major events the hike of Napoleon III, the unification of Germany and the Italian Risorgimento. In the field of social changes there are the extraordinary doubling of the population, the rising technologies, which do possible the development of communication and transportation, and the important consequences of the industrial revolution.      Louis Napoleon nap came to power the 2nd of December 1852. With him, the Second Empire started. Years before, he was expelled to America, b ut with the fall of the July Monarchy in February 1848, he returned to France to reassert his claim to world Napoleon Bonapartes legitimate heir, and to take advantage of the new opportunities that suddenly presented themselves. To obtain what he wanted, Bonaparte used the army and police force to arrest his principal political opponents and to occupy the Assembly. After this he denote his guess of power and proclaimed a new constitution, to be subjected to an immediate plebiscite, where Napoleon obtained a huge majority, and became president of France. But one family later, in another plebiscite, Napoleon received popular ratification of his assumption of the title of Emperor, as Napoleon III. Many observers saw this meteoric rise, as the beginning of a new era of absolutism. However, the public feel never considered Napoleon as a tyrant, as electoral statistics show. They trust him, who did not disappointed their expectations. Napoleons agenda concerned the shake-up of th e State, a new economical policy and a great political platform of public works. During Napoleons government, France underwent a deep change. After a long period of disorder, society found its stability, both on the political and economical side. In fact, Napoleon helped to foster an economic boom, which provided ample workplace for the urban poor as well as for the young people, overambitious and well prepared. He mobilized all the resources of the State to give a ne... ...ansportation, convey to the invention of the locomotive, became easier. The railroads became the backbone of Europes inland transportation system. The reflection of railway provided a new and powerful stimulus to the industries. In fact, the demand for iron and coal increased and so the work of many industries. oversea as overland, people and goods moved faster and farther.      In communication as in transport, a lot of inventions brought many European close to individually others. Th e postal service was more efficient and faster thanks to the railroad. Than, in 1844, the electric telegraph was invented, and due in part to its importance for the railroads, a network of telegraph lines spread all over Europe. In 1851 the introductory submarine cable was installed between Dover and Calais, in 1866 between Europe and USA, in 1870 and 1872 many cables were installed from Europe to India, and from Europe to Honk Kong.      Also press improved a lot, and the production of paper became cheaper. This meant that newspapers could be produced cheaply and in great number. This allowed all the inhabitants to be aware on what was happening more or less them.

Parenting skills Essay

What office do you think bleeding area plays in developing a sisters self-esteem? What forms of discipline best serve the self-esteem of the squirt or adolescent? -I think that discipline done correctly could assistance in a tykes self-esteem. When you discipline a nestling make sure that they understand WHY and it makes them feel trustworthy, and included. If you treat discipline like a dictatorship the child feels like youre opprobrious and they are stupid and untrustworthy. people with low self-esteem generally cheat on to achieve their goals, Are non able to pursue accomplishments in a responsible and disciplined manner, Have poor communication skills, Have a pessimistic view on life, Are prone to anxiety, depression, hostility, loneliness, shame, and guilt, Form unhealthy, annihilating relationships with others, and Make decisions in life more to please others than to adhere to their take in interests and value systems. List and discuss how activities, clubs, or spo rts, impact the self-esteem of children and parents. tolerate at least two activities, clubs, or sports in your answer. parents should encourage children to participate in sports and clubs that are productive and give their children a feeling of accomplishment. However, it is not always advantageous for a parent to push a child toward a particular sport or activity. For example, a boy with weensy skill or interest in football might play the game because of pressure from his father, just as a girl who doesnt like cheerleading and isnt good at it might do it because her mystify was cheerleading captainbut this is unlikely to improve self-esteem.

Business Law Assignment Essay

This hear will explain the following four questions. First, would registration with the sulfur be compulsory for Dakota Gasworks securities? Second, Did Emerson violate Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange make of 1934 and SEC ascertain 10b-5? Third what hypothesis or theories capability a court implement to hold Wallace liable for insider trading? Finally, under the Sarbanes-Oxley telephone number of 2002, who would be undeniable to certify the accuracy of pecuniary statements filed with the SEC? Would registration with the SEC be required for Dakota Gasworks securities? wherefore or why not? Reliant brawniness has registered securities and faces a takeover attempt, or third party attendant offer, then(prenominal) the SECs tender offer rules will apply to the transaction. The filings required by these rules provide cultivation to the public about the soul devising the tender offer.The company, Dakota Gasworks, is experiencing the takeover so they must file wit h the SEC its responses to the tender offer. These rules set time limits for the tender offer and provide some surety to shargonholders. Did Emerson violate Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange passage of 1934 and SEC Rule 10b-5? Why or why not? Moreover, Emerson did violate rule 10b-5 of the Securities exchange act, in where it protects against insider trading which is the purchase or sale by person with rag to information not available to those whom with those they deal or general traders. The person passing the information of the takeover, Emerson, violated this rule by passing information that wasnt regularly available to general traders.What theory or theories might a court use to hold Wallace liable for insider trading? Furthermore, the theory behind the prohibiting insider trading is that is undermines investor federal agency in the fairness and integrity of the securities markets. The SEC claims that finding and prosecuting insider trading violations is one of its en forcement priorities, and all investors need to be mindful of the danger in trading from spoken knowledge that is not publicly known to people who base their trading on this information.Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, who would be required to certify the accuracy of financial statements filed with the SEC? Finally, the bearing of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of bodily disclosures made pursuant to the securities laws, and for other purposes. The Act requires all financial reports to embarrass an upcountry control report. This is designed to show that not only are the companys financial data accurate, but the company has confidence in them because adequate controls are in place to safeguard financial data.Year-end financial reports must contain an assessment of the effectiveness of the internal controls. The issuers auditing firm is required to attest to that assessment. The auditing firm does this after review ing controls, policies, and procedures during a Section 4040 audit, conducted along with a traditional financial audit. Under Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the CEO and CFO of public companies are required to certify the accuracy of financial statements filed with the SEC.References1. Miller, Roger & Jentz, Gaylord (2010) Fundamentals of Business Law Summarized Cases 8th Edition, Cengage Learning. 2. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002. (n.d.). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002. Retrieved December 19, 2012 from http//www.soxlaw.com/

The City and Its Workers

Chapter 19 The urban center and its creamers (1870-1900) Jump Start display 14, 2011 As the 19th century closes and the 20th century begins, different technologies help needle the many changes taking place. What symbolism can we take from the construction of the Brooklyn tide over? It is a marker of time periods (separates this time period from that time period) March 16,2011Why did some immigrant groups decide to stay in the United States by and by arriving, objet dart other groups only stayed long enough to make some funds? March 17, 2011 What were Jim crowing Laws? Give an example of how they were applied. March 18, 2011 Who was Jacob Riis? What did he flummox? Why was it important? March 21,2011 Explain the new emerging discipline systems, which were based upon occupation. White collar blue collar- largely out of practice(predicate)( jobs require to a greater extent physical than intellectual) United states emerged as a major industrial strength by the force out of t he 19th century * Large scale immigration, urbanization, and expert innovation help out great promise for future, even as these dramatic changes led to kind dislocation, urban squalor, labor strife, and death. * Constructed between 1869-1883, the Brooklyn tie stood as a testament to the wonders and horrors of America at the close of the 19th and opening of the twentieth century * Its construction cost the lives of wenty men and it was considered both a work of art and an engineering marvel upon completion The wage hike of the city * By the end of the 19th century, the emergence of the modern city represented the most dramatic demographic development in the linked states * From New york to Chicago to Los Angeles, cities exploded in size, fed in rive by the rapid pace of global migrations, especially from southerly and eastern Europe * BEFORE 1880 immigrants came from the northern and western Europe * AFTER 1880 immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe.Racism and the cry for Immigration Restriction * Workers often found themselves alveo juvenile against one another, with ethnic rivalry dividing the skilled northern European workers and the unskilled southern and eastern European workers. * Even among educated people of the nineteenth century, the ethnic and religious differences of immigrants were perceived as racial characteristics. * The idea of social Darwinism further supported white societys claim to racial superiority. African Americans in the North African Americans began their migration north in front of equality * In an effort to leave behind the segregation and Jim Crow Laws of the south, they found jobs on the back ends rung of the occupational ladder. Asian Americans * Asians= scapegoats of the changing delivery A new king of racism * Many Americans saw newcomers as impossible to assimilate * Trade Unions and old-stock aristocrats criticized Americas Immigration policies * A literacy test for new European immigrants passed throug h Congress but was vetoed by President Grover Cleveland.Jacob Riis * His How the Other Half Lives (1890) graphically showed the poverty of the ghettos * The nouveaux riches (new rich) provided the importance and splendor of the age with their magnificent mansions and ostentatious costume parties. * With 1% of the populations owning much than half of the property in America. Plessy v. Fergoson -Separate but equal is ok embrown v. Board of education Topeka, Kansas * Separate but equal is unconstitutional With industrialization and urbanization came both great poverty and great wealth inwardly the cities. * In the outer circles of the cites, people had more money, lived in single family homes, and commuted to work on streetcars. What types of workers were there? * Workers in American industry in the late nineteenth century worked in a shape of settings , ranging from * Skilled occupations in factories * Piecework that was contracted within the home * construction White-collar off ice work. * grit of the American labor force were the common laborers. * These human machines stood at the bottom of the countrys economic ladder and generally am juvenile groups * At the opposite end of the labor spectrum were skilled craftsmen * Employers attempted to end the control that skilled works had ove their. work by bearjng slmalled oarts andtrokcadin the skiled workers with the unskilled * Women typically earned less money than their male counterparts, many oung worjubg men seek hear in dance halls, social clubs, and amusement park after exhausting. Americas diverse workers * Although such efficiencies meant that a greater variety of goods at lower * Boys who lived in the cites some as young as 6 years old, plied their trades as bootblacks and newsboys Many of the boys were homeless, orphaned or drop off by their families The family economy women and children * In new york city, the childrens promote societiey tried to better the situation of these, the citys young est works=er

Culture and identity Essay

betwixt Ourselves is to the highest degree an Indian girl who has travelled to the States for further education. She is Hindu and her start is telling her not to marry some mavin from there. She go throughs and marries an the Statesn and of course her parents do not approve. Later the woman regrets the loss of Indian purification. Lovelaces story is about Joebell a Trinidadian who is trying to go to America. He conceptualises that he is a hero and is risk taker and would have a damp life in America. In the end he fails to go to America and then realises that Trinidad is where he belongs partly because he never saw an American fail.Joebell as a character is very different from lots of passel he is courageous and takes risks e.g. he takes a big risk getting the fake passport. Joebell has been influenced very much by American films especially punch films. In Joebells mind America is everything e.g. Where everybody have a ram car and you could ski on s at one time and where it have seventy fin channels of warp television. This is what Joebell is thinking about nothing else, comely abide bying television all day. I think Joebell has a movement of fame, as he would go in a snackette and would take up a big space and just ask for a toothpick. in a higher place all I think Joebell is a very interesting psyche, as he would do things that former(a) people wouldnt. The Mother in betwixt Ourselves is someone who cares about her daughter a lot, she is worried that her daughter result meet and marry a man in America and marry. She writes Your Ghosh Mashima asked me the other day if I was expecting an American son-in-law. Of course not our Miru is as she was forward and she would not do such a thing, she went to America to study not to catch a husband, this shows that Mirus bewilder is proud of her religion, faith, culture and tradition.When Miru replies saying that she is difference to marry an American, the mother shows her frustration e.g. Both your tiro and I are astounded by your letter, so Ghosh Mashima was not so wrong after all How could you This shows the ira of the Mother as she sends the coin for her flight back. The daughter (Miru) is a person who is very determined and independent. The plectrum for her to go to university in America changes the rest of her life and a prime(a) that she cant change. Her relationship with her Mother that was once strong is now vulnerable, E.g. I miss you a lot, wit respect and love, yours Miru. This was Mirus first-class honours degree letter, the last letter that she wished she had written conveyed a lot more than anger e.g. I am even more astounded by your wish of understanding, you show no sympathy for my inner struggle, this shows her anger at her mother.Between Ourselves is a story that has been written in a serial publication of letters between mother and daughter. I think that this shows that it is a ad hominem story and intimate. The letters give the take aimer the idea that they are eavesdropping on someone elses conversation. In Joebell and America the story changes from third person to first person. I think that Earl Lovelace has written this brilliantly, when I first read it I did not notice it, it was wish well looking at someone doing something then the next minute you are in that persons brain, the effect of this is stress because it is at a extremely crucial part, when the two immigration officers Squirrel eyeball and the other man sit next to Joebell. It also slows down the tension, its like the reader identifies with Joebell.In Joebell and America there is some very entertain language, the whole way through the story, e.g. When Joebells mother hears that her son is divergence to America she says Joebell gone away praise God . The way Joebell thinks that he is a hero and how Joebell tries to be a Yankee How ya doin, main Hiya mess up. The story is written in a Trinidadian dialect, which makes it more fun, more interesting because it is written in a way that someone speaks and it has a powerful rhythm. This is very different to Between Ourselves, this story funny whereas Between Ourselves is a lot more tense, more serious between the mother and daughter e.g. the way the mother reacts when she reads what her daughter has written in the letter that she is going to marry someone from America, the mother is astounded, and shocked with disgust. I think this story would keep you at the edge of your seat in a more serious way.The different stories tell two numerous attractions of America, for the first time in Between Ourselves the letters make you think that this is the homeland of the world, where you meet a whole new world, but the food is not as good as the food in Calcutta, whereas in Joebell and America, the attraction to America is having a chance to watch seventy five channels of colour television. Personally I think that just going to America to watch TV is very sad.When Earl Lovelace wrote Joebell and Americ a I think he treasured to make us feel that Trinidad society is worth closureing in, rather than going to America, and that Joebell would be better in Trinidad because he likes to walk and likes to know everyone well-nigh him, in Between Ourselves the author wants us to think that when you move from one country to another, it is like changing cultures and is never simple, also when you move countries and stay for a long time your culture and identity from your homeland perhaps lost.

Crime is Predominantly an Intra-Racial Event Essay

Introduction Society has this perception that it is new(prenominal) be givens why hatred occurs. Some hoi polloi blame these crimes on black-on-black crimes, or Hispanics-on-Hispanics crimes. Being that crime seems to be predominantly an intra-racial event involving victims and offenders of the comparable race will this type of destruction ever come to an end? epoch interviewing two of my co- stimulateers while we were on break in between our runs, it was precise interesting to learn of their intakes on this particular topic. The stolon co-worker I talked to is Hispanic. His name is Steven. Steven agrees that crime in a way is predominantly an intra-racial event, involving victims and offenders of the same race. Steven relates Hispanic-on-Hispanic intra-racial crime because of economic gaps in society. Steven feels that Hispanics are always given much(prenominal) a hard time when it comes to getting jobs. Hispanics are always first asked if they have a green card and can the y legally work here in the United States. Steven says this comes from his own experience in trying to get a job as a mechanic. He matte up very offended because of the stereotypes that society put on people of his origin.Steven says that he may be Hispanic but he was born and increase here in the United States. His parents were in the military, where they were stationed in San Antonio, Texas. His parents are from San Juan, Puerto Rico. Steven feels that this intra-racial crime comes from Hispanics having a lack of work and education to support their families. Steven has witnessed his own people killing one another over fearing being deported back to their country. Hispanics crossroad the border so that they can raise their families in a let out environment with wagerer opportunities.The second co-worker I talked to is African-American. His name is chuck out.  ptyalizes outlook on intra-racial crime is very similar to Stevens outlook. heave feels that intra-racial crimes are a choice. Chuck grew up watching black-on black crimes like gangs killing other gangs because of crossing into their territory. Chuck says that society plays a big part in why blacks act the way that they do. He believes that society puts out negative stereotypes about blacks and people run with it. Chuck says black-on-black crime comes from a number of things like kids killing kids with illegal guns gear up in their houses, drug deals gone bad, young black men engagement in the clubs over females or fighting in the streets over a senseless argument. Crime Is Predominantly an Intra-Racial Event 2Both Steven and Chuck agree that no matter what the situation may be, these unfortunate intra-racial crimes should not even occur. They both feel that people urgency to get a better education and obtain some type of work expertness which is positive.ConclusionIntra-racial crimes leave families in disarray. Black-on-black crimes can be avoided if they are yes, re-educated and taught a trade to learn a meaningful skill. These crimes can be concussion down tremendously and the African-American race can begin rebuilding. Hispanic-on-Hispanic crimes could too be cut in half if those who are here in the United States legally or who have their green cards, could go to naturalise and get and education and earn a degree to help better them. Hispanics could also go to a trading school and get the skills that they need to find decent work. This way, Hispanics do not have to be stipendiary under the table and they can earn a decent payroll check to help in supporting their families.The victims in these intra-racial crimes are the ones who have been stick out and families destroyed. The offenders in these intra-racial crimes just make excuses why they did as they feel that they had to do. some(prenominal) offenders have no remorse for their actions and to them, it is everyone elses fault but their own.

Leadership in the Public Policy Making Process Essay

leadershiphip is a momentous role to involve when it comes to how an agency handles actions and policies. Effective leaders can increase organizational efficiency, provide greater direction for employees, alleviate members of an organization realize their potential, and improve organizational culture (Cropf, 2008, p233). It is possible for a leader to be low down in the organizational mannequin as well as at the top. An organization must date what is needed for its leaders to be effective and what requirements will address those needs. leadership is needed in a number of areas in humans advantage (1) developing a clear wad for the organization, (2) working across manifold constituencies, (3) recognizing social and ethical value, (4) creating vibrant organizational networks, (5) enhancing organizational performance, and (6) maintaining democratic values (Cropf, 2008, p 234). Leaders is recognized a need to have authorized values, encourages and help build an environment whe re teamwork is normal, motivates and inspires others, has a vision, helps to motivate to work toward the vision, and has a lasting change.Executives who exhibit leadership qualities beyond their assigned status representative influence through both positional confidence and personal authority (Cropf, 2008, p237). Leaders have the qualities that it takes to build the correct team. A leader whitethorn non have all the needed skills to accomplish a line but by building relationships, the right person would be make to assist with the completion of the vision. Public Policy and Leadership Public insurance policy transformational leaders who exhibit charisma would be a great talent.These leaders help to motivate others to their way of thinking. They can have a vision but through relationships, they tend to enthuse followers with a commitment that can be extraordinary. It is through this type of motivation that difficult or visions that are not thought to be possible are accomplished . electric chair John F. Kennedy was a charismatic transformational leader. When he gave his Inaugural Address, he offered the memorable injunction Ask not what your country can do for you rent what you can do for your country (Beschloss, 2009).As a leader, he challenged an holy country to see and realize his vision. That is a great establishment of objectives and priorities of common policy. hot seat John F. Kennedy made sure his team was aware of a clearly defined vision or purpose for the country. At a time when government and nonprofits aim to work better and cost less, mind the many ways in which leadership works is a necessary tool for effective administration (Cropf, 2008 p 233).Public policy whitethorn not get a leader with all the desired qualifications same military experience or foreign policy. True leaders would not need to have this experience to be an effective leader because they would have the skills to motivate those who do and that would allow for a leader w ithout this experience. The Current U. S. chairman Barrack Obama has not served in the military but was elected President in time of War. This is credence to his charisma and ability to get stack to follow and support his vision.Conclusion When you are looking at public policy and its leaders, it could be the president of the United States or the manager of the local anesthetic Department of Motor Vehicles or even a librarian. It is how the person has a vision, sees the vision, relates and motivates other to believe in the vision that determines the leaders. It is different than being a manager but public policy is an area where vision is disclose and the ability to see that vision to the completion is a must. Leaders not only see what is best for them but what is best for organizations, countries, or constituents.

Economy and Critical Thinking Essay

1. The purpose of antimonopoly indemnity is to promote __competition among firms_____, which perishs to lower __ charge for customers______. Explain why this is so? The purpose of antitrust policy is to promote competition, which leads to lower prices. If a come with had the power of price control that comes with being a monopoly, they would profit by picking the measurement/price that equals the highest revenue for their company. This would be likely a lower cadence and higher price than would prevail if there was competition. Combining operations could lead to greater efficiency. Cost savings could come by combining HR or accounting depts. The main problem with cost savings is that a monopoly does non squander the pressure to operate efficiently.2. Assume a thinking(a) baseball pitcher is worth $5 trillion per year to his team, compargond to tho $1 million for an unhealthy one. According to a baseball executive, If my assumptions are correct, our team is willing to pay a maximum of $3 million for a pitcher in the free-agent market. What are the executives assumptions? be these assumptions realistic? The executive is assuming that there is asymmetric information show up there about certain pitchers, meaning that the team that is selling the players has more than information on his health than the uninformed buyer, the executive. So a well-founded assumption is that the executive will split the difference in the mixed market and pay the average, which is $3 million. The executive does have realistic assumptions, entirely for the fact that he has asymmetric information, and is not fully notified of the players injury status.3. watery information can go both ways. What are round usages (your own, not from the text) of market situations in which the vender has more information than the buyer and some examples in which the buyer has more information than the seller?One example where the seller knows more than the buyer would be when you are purc hasing a house, the buyer does not know if there are any problems with the basis or roofing or if all the appliances work well or will continue to work well. The seller does know, because they have lived there yen enough to know what is in good shape and what is in speculative shape on the house. An example of the buyer knowing more than the seller is in the antique market, because the buyer may know more score about what they are buying than the seller. The seller may not have put as much time into researching the products.4. Critical Thinking any states, of which I am aware, require automobile owners to insure their vehicle. Yet, studies show that having indemnity actually increases the likelihood of an accident and increases the likelihood of a car / rhythm accident. Discuss why this is so. Who is protected and who is harmed by required automobile damages? The reason that having insurance increases the likelihood of an accident is due to the object lesson act associ ated with car insurance. This is a situation in which one side of an economical relationship takes undesirable or costly actions that the other side cannot observe. For instance, bloody shames car insurance company doesnt know that she now and again texts while driving because they cant physically see her driving.bloody shame does this because she assumes that if anything happens, she is insured and she will be able to financially cover the cost of any accident. It takes the responsibility off of bloody shame (slightly) and puts it on the insurance company which makes Mary act more recklessly. The person driving the vehicle is fairly more protected because of insurance. They are able to financially cover losings to other drivers due to their negligence and risk taking. However, the other drivers on the avenue and the pedestrians that may be out walking are harmed by this added moral hazard because, lets face it, all the insurance in the world wont bring someone back if Mary is t exting and driving and kills them.

Microbiology Coursework: Bacillus Cereus

Microbiology Coursework bacillus genus Cereus After investigating following on outbreak of nutrient poisoning at a pizza restaurant, it was found that all suffers had consumed a portion of side salad from the self-service salad bar alongside their main dish. Subsequently, this was further traced to a strain salad. environmental Health Officers investigating this outbreak suspected it may have been flummoxd by group B genus Cereus (B. genus Cereus). The presence of large follows of B. genus Cereus in a forage is indicative of active proceeds and proliferation of the organism and is unchanging with a potential hazard to health. The diagnosis of B. ereus back end be support by the isolation of more than 105 B. genus Cereus organisms per gram from epidemiologically affect food for thought, but such testing is often not done because the complaint is relatively harmless and usually self-limiting 1. Design a manner(s) to enumerate the i)Total bacterial count ii)Bacillus genu s Cereus count In the sieve saladThis outbreak of food poisoning could be investigated by performing an count (dental plate count) of the total executable bacteria in the rice salad on a general non- discriminating nutrient agar-agar apply both the bombard or the spread plate method. To stomach that the outbreak had been caused by any B. ereus innovate in the rice salad a selective media agar, such as mannitol egg vitellus polymixin agar (MEYP/MYP), should be used. Once B. cereus has been confirmed a further memorandum of the B. cereus should be performed on the MEYP/MYP agar selective media plate to visualise whether the amount of B. cereus present is within the range known to cause food poisoning 105107 cells g? 1 of food for diarrhetic syndrome, or 105108 cells g? 1 of food for Emetic syndrome. (Granum & adenylic acid Lund, 2006) To perform a total cell count and the confirmation of B. cereus by either the pour or spread plate method the equipment required is as foll owsGeneral non-selective agar Mannitol egg yolk polymixin agar (MEYP/MYP) Petri dishes Glass or disposable hockey game stick broadcaster Bunsen burner Test tubes Ringers termination Pastettes / Pippettes Food blender Before a cell count offer be performed a serial dilution of an homogenate of the rice salad is required. For this one part rice salad is blended to nine part ringers solution, from this initial homogenate that the serial dilution is created by taking 1ml of this original and adding it to 9ml of ringers solution thereby creating a 110 dilution of the original.This step is repeated a further 5 times, each(prenominal) time taking 1ml from the dilution created in the previous tube and adding it to 9ml of ringers solution thereby with each step the original precedent is diluted by a further factor of 10, ( mannequin 1). Once the serial dilution has been completed take to a dilution of 11,000,000 (10-6) either the pour or spread plate method of plating out of the inges ts can be performed Figure 1 Serial dilution When using a general non-selective agar both the pour and spread plate methods can be used for enumeration of the total bacteria in the rice salad.With both methods all plates argon performed in triplicate. Along-side the non-selective agar, an agar such as MEYP/MYP selective agar which is selective for B. cereus can be used to confirm that B. cereus is present in the original sample. In the pour plate method 1ml or 0. 1ml of each of the dilutions prep atomic number 18d earlier within the serial dilution be added to individual petri dishes and a nutrient agar which is held at around 50oC is poured over each of these samples, the petri dishes are swirled causing gentle agitation and mixing the bacteria with the agar.After the agar has solidify the plates are incubated, subsequently this incubation the pour plates show bacterial bringth both on and within the agar due to aerobic and anaerobiotic bacteria. In the spread plate method 0. 1ml of each of the serial dilution solutions is pipetted onto the progress of a pre-poured agar plate and spread using a hockey stick spreader, the agar plates are then incubated. Bacterial colonies only grow on the surface of the spread plate, (Figure 2) Figure 2 Method of rain buckets and spread plate technique. Microbial Growth, 2011) Once the plates have been incubated they are examined and the number of colonies counted, only plates that show between 30- three hundred colonies are counted, if the number of colonies is above 300 then the plate is discarded as too numerous to count, if at a lower place 30 it is discarded as too few to count. After the plates showing between 30-300 colonies have been counted the number of bacteria in the original sample can be worked out using the calculation Number of colonies on plate x dilution of sample = number of bacteria / mlIf growth has occurred on the MEYP/MYP plates, a Gram stain can be performed on a sample from one of the colonie s, when the gram stain is examined under oil absorption B. cereus should appear as large Gram-positive bacilli in short-to-long custody with spores that are ellipsoidal, central to subterminal, and that do not swell the sporangium. (Tallent, Rhodehamel , Harmon, & Bennett, 2012) (Figure 3) Figure 3 flow diagram showing order of events leading to the enumeration of total bacteria and Bacillus cereus in a sample of food. 2.Explain why MEYP/MYP agar is selective for Bacillus cereus B. cereus is mannitol-negative. The mannitol content of the medium thus allows differentiation of the accompanyingmannitol-positive microbial flora which are identified by a change in colour of the indicant phenol red to yellowness. B. cereus is not bear on by concentrations of polymyxin which chasten the common accompanying microbial flora (Donovan, 1958). Addition of polymyxin is necessary, however, if the sample strong is suspected to contain high-numbers of accompanying microorganisms B. cereus produces lecithinase.The insoluble adulteration products of egg-yolk lecithin gather around the Cereus colonies to form a white precipitate. A lecithinase reception occurs very early in many strains, Cereus colonies can, wherefore, often be rapidly identified before accompanying polymyxin-resistant microorganisms have had a risk to fully develop. Incubation 18-40 hours at 32 C. B. cereus appears as rough, prohibitionist colonies with a pink to purple base which are surrounded by a ring of dense precipitate. Colonies surrounded by a yellow or a clear zone are not Bacillus cereus.Further tests should be performed to confirm the identity of Bacillus cereus (anaerobic degradation of D(+)glucose, degradation of gelatin, positive nitrate reduction). (Merck, 2012) 3. allude how health officers may have enumerate to the tentative conclusion of B. cereus poisoning. Health officers may have enumerate to this conclusion based on the short incubation time to the fulminant onset of ill ness, and due to rice already being implicated as the source of this type of food poisoning in other results. 4. Suggest ways in which i. The rice salad might have been infected by the Bacillus cereus ii.The Bacillus cereus could have survived the normal cookery process of the rice iii. Bacillus cereus causes food poisoning. B. cereus is present in the outer casing of rice and, because it is able to form spores that are very resistant to low or high temperatures, it can therefore easily survive cooking and less-than perfect refrigeration. Improper storage of food stuffs is the curve. Bacillus cereus spores can survive boiling and if the food, in this case rice is stored at ambient temperature, the spores can germinate into toxin producing bacteria. Herriman, 2009) Bacillus cereus has been reported to be present in stools of healthy humans at varying levels (Johnson, 1984) therefore if an individual had not washed their hands after going to the toilet then handled the serving spoo n any B. cereus from the hands could be transferred to the serving spoon which in turn could either infect the rice salad or the hand of the person next using the spoon. When rice is boiled and then stored in the fridge without being cooled first, these spores can germinate on the cooked rice and grow well at 4oC.If the rice is then used in a stir fry or similar dish, where the cooking time is relatively short, or the rice is held at an insufficient temperature enough of the bacteria survive to be ingested. Bacillus cereus causes food poisoning of dickens different types, vomiting and looseness of the bowelsl. (Table 1) Table 1. Characteristics of the two types of disease caused by Bacillus cereus Diarrhoeal syndromeEmetic syndrome Infective dose105107 (total)105108 (cells g? 1) Toxin producedIn the small intestine of the hostPreformed in foods Type of toxinProteinCyclic peptide Incubation period816 h (occasionally &gt24 h)0. 5 h Duration of illness1224 h (occasionally severa l days)624 h SymptomsAbdominal pain, watery diarrhoea and occasionally illnessNausea, cat and malaise (sometimes followed by diarrhoea, due to additional enterotoxin production? ) Foods most a great deal implicatedMeat products, soups, vegetables, puddings/sauces and milk/milk productsStarch-rich foods Fried and cooked rice, pasta, pastry and noodles The form that produces diarrhoea is come with by symptoms that are virtually indistinguishable from those caused by the Clostridium perfingens bacteria.The affected person experiences abdominal cramps and severe watery diarrhoea within slightly 15 hours of eating the contaminated rice. Vomiting rarely occurs but the diarrhoea carries on between 1 and 2 days. The diarrhetic syndromes observed in patients are thought to stem from the three toxins Hemolysin BL Hbl, Nonhemolytic Enterotoxin Nhe and Cytotoxin K CytK. These enterotoxins are all produced in the small intestine of the host, thus thwarting the issue of digestion by host end ogenous enzymes. Some strains of the bacteria have an duplicate plasmid that carries a gene for a toxin that causes severe vomiting.These strains cause the emetic form of Bacillus cereus and produce symptoms very similar to food poisoning by staphylococcus aureus. After ingesting rice contaminated with these strains, vomiting begins between 1 and 5 hours. The effects are fairly impermanent and the digestive system usually returns to normal within about 24 hours. The emetic form is commonly caused by rice that is not cooked for a time and temperature sufficient to kill any spores present, then improperly refrigerated. It can produce a toxin, cereulide, which is not inactivated by later reheating. This form leads to nausea and vomiting 15 hours after consumption.It can be hard-fought to distinguish from other short-term bacterial foodborne pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureusReferences Microbial Growth. (2011). Retrieved March 3, 2012, from The Growth Of Bacterial Cultures http //classes. midlandstech. com/carterp/Courses/bio225/chap06/Microbial%20Growth%20ss5. htm Donovan, K. O. (1958). A selective medium for Bacillus cereus in milk. J. Appl. Bact. (21), 100-103. Granum, P. , & Lund, T. (2006, January 17). Bacillus cereus and its food poisoning toxins. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 157(2), 223-228. doi10. 1111/j. 1574-6968. 1997. tb12776. x Herriman, R. (2009, September 13). Food-Borne Intoxication Bacillus Cereus. Retrieved March 6, 2012, from ezinearticles. com http//ezinearticles. com/? Food-Borne-Intoxication&8212Bacillus-Cereus&id=2915150 Johnson, K. M. (1984). Bacillus cereus food-borne illness. An update. J Food Prot, 47, one hundred forty-five153. Merck. (2012). MYP Agar. Retrieved March 01, 2012, from Merck Microbiology Manual 12th Edition http//www. mibius. de/out/oxbaseshop/html/0/images/wysiwigpro/MYP_Agar_105267_engl. pdf Tallent, S. M. , Rhodehamel , E. , Harmon, S. M. , & Bennett, R. W. (2012, February 02). BAM Bacillus cereus. Retri eved March 05, 2012, from FDA U. S. Food and Drug Administration

Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction Industry in the US Analysis

DATE family 16, 2012 TO Patricia Bennett, Supervising Principal FROM Connor Sims, cogitate SUBJECT oil color Drilling & angstrom turgidity Extraction exertion in the US Analysis (21111) This report presents information regarding the effort, the primary factor of crude embrocate colour and fellate field properties. The labor fuels its key buyers, the ingrained ball up Distribution (22121) and the Pet powerum Refining (32411) industries, with crude oil and natural catalyst. The assiduity continuously battles a shortage of available oil. In gain, m either major oil fields consent been in use for decades, slowly waning.Currently, the fabrication grosses among the most profitable in the US despite these and similar obstacles. The benefits of investing here potentially outweigh concerning risks. Because of the esteemed value of the labors products, consistent consider for its products, and its positive near-future outlook, variegation into this industry may buzz off rewarding advantageousness in the short. High Product Value consummate(a) Oil Prices The key economic driver for the Oil Drilling & bluster Extraction Industry, crude oil prices, determines much of its profitability gibe to supply and demand.Price trends in West Texas Intermediate, a grade of crude oil used as a benchmark in oil pricing, break the growth of its value in the retiring(a) 3 years and past decade. An medium barrel of crude oil grew from $26. 18 in 2002 to $61. 95 in 2009, $79. 48 in 2010, and $94. 87 in 2011 (Airlines, 2012). JP Morgan analysts project average annual prices above $99 in upcoming years (Sethuraman, 2012). such(prenominal) upward growth points to lucrative profits. Natural squander Outlook Natural gas production accounts for 41. 6% of industry receipts in 2012. Prices n natural gas reached a 10-year low in April this year, but learn erupted by more than 70% since (Hargreaves, 2012). Natural gas has chit-chatn an abundantly ample output du e to recent discoveries of natural gas in the Appalachian Basin this large supply has kept prices relatively low recently, expiration opportunity for even higher profitability in future years. reconciled Demand Fueling US Industries The Oil Drilling & Gas Extraction Industry is the sole supply industry for its two demand industries, Petroleum Refining and Natural Gas Distribution (Hersch).The US internally consumes 19,150,000 barrels of oil per day, doubling the worlds second largest consumer, china (Index, 2012). IBIS World describes the industrys demand industries as mature, assuring the permanent demand for our industrys products (Hersch). Rising Exports, Foreign Buyers Current international relations appear conducive to this industrys profitability. In 2011, for the initiatory time since 1949, the US exported more refined oil than it imported (Winters, 2012) this evidences the winner between the supply industry and its demand industries detailed above.Additionally, oil exports to china will surge as it industrializes quickly. Chinas exponentially ontogeny demand leads to worldwide price increases (Hersch). Any increases, oddly increase this existent, cabal the WTI average price per barrel, increasing profitability. Positive Current Standing good Market Concentration The four largest firms in the industry comprise of almost 30. 0% of total revenue (Hersch, 2012). Market share concentration is low, allowing firms of any size to portion the industrys $345. 9 billion revenue this year.The competitive aspect of entering this industry would not be a difficult obstacle to overcome. Profit Margin The Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction Industry reels in a signifi dealtly larger edge in comparison to related industries. 46% of all industry revenue goes to profit, higher than the average for the entire mining sector, 39. 2% (Hersch, 2012). In 2008, the industry returned the 7th highest profit margin among US industries (Hargreaves). Profit margins have increase in the past 5 years as result of cost increase crude oil prices. Risks and Concerns Barriers of EntryMost major oil and gas producers integrate work beyond drilling and extracting many dualize as refining or statistical distribution firms, circumventing demand industries en route to more direct profitability. New firms lacking(p) this versatility may find an obstacle upon instauration to the industry (Hersch, 2012). Additionally, firms in this industry mustiness specialize in exploration and discovery for oil and gas resources. Firms may struggle finding initial success in this role due to the limited nature of resources. Long-term Resource Depletion Peak oil refers to the prime of any fields production, after which goes into terminal decline.Most major US oil fields are beyond peak oil. The largest US oil field, Prudhoe Bay, has been depleting since 1979 (Prudhoe, 2012). The US Energy Information Administration indicates much production, particularly in the Alaskan northeasterly Slope, depends on world oil prices (Energy, 2012). Geophysicists and politicians delve over specifications regarding overall US peak oil, arguing the year in which US peak oil occurred. International Comparison In addition to the US peak oil situation, the US Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction Industry views heavy foreign market competition.In 2011, the US rank 3rd in oil production, behind Saudi Arabia and Russia (Energy, 2012). Saudi Arabias OPEC governor expects Saudi output to rise steadily beyond 2030 with a 1. 5 million barrel per day spare production message then (Energy, 2012). Russia holds the worlds largest natural gas reserves, and its fuel exports have steadily increased since each year since 1999 (Energy, 2012). Conclusion Despite entry risks and threats of limited resources, evidence supports the likelihood of success for us to diversify into the industry under certain stipulations.A new firm will implicitly face the challenge of exploring for land not a lready claimed by another firm. Additionally, resource methods of energy will irrefutably have to replace oil drilling and gas extraction within an uncertain future the remaining supply merely cannot match the demand forever. Two central obstacles hesitate immediate diversification a barrier of entry and a negative long-term outlook. However, we must decide whether the benefits outweigh the concerns. World prices of oil and gas and Chinas growing demand directly affect profitability.Because evidence above shows substantial progress in both of these drivers with a very positive short-term outlook, diversification must be considered. If presence in the industry can be established quickly and will remain only until profitability falls, I recommend diversification. References Airlines For America (2012). Annual Crude Oil and outflow Fuel Prices. http//www. airlines. org/Pages/Annual-Crude-Oil-and- Jet-Fuel-Prices. aspx.. Retrieved September 16, 2012. Energy Information Administration (2012). Project Alaska North Slope oil production at risk beyond 2025 if oil prices drop sharply. Today In Energy. http//www. ia. gov/todayinenergy/detail. cfm? id=7970 Retrieved September 16, 2012. Prudhoe Bay Fact pall (2012). British Petroleum. www. bp. com/assets/bp us /A03_prudhoe_bay_fact_sheet. pdf Retrieved September 16, 2012. Hargreaves, Steve (2012). Natural gas prices surge 70%. CNN Money. http//money. cnn. com/2012/07/24/investing/natural-gas- prices/index. htm. Retrieved September 16, 2012. Hersch, Laura. (2012). IBIS World Industry Report 21111. Oil Drilling & Extraction In the US. Retrieved September 16, 2012 from IBIS World Database. How the US Uses Oil (2012). Alternative Energy. Retrieved September 16, 2012. ttp//alternativeenergy. procon. org/view. resource. php? resourceID=001797 Index Mundi (2012). http//www. indexmundi. com/g/r. aspx? c=us&v=91. Retrieved September 16, 2012. Sethuraman, Nathan (2012). Poll Increasing numbers see oil below $100 in 2013, 2014. Reuters. http//www. reuters. com/article/2012/06/27/us-oil-poll- idUSBRE85Q14720120627. Retrieved September 16, 2012. Winter, Michael (2012). U. S. Exported more gasoline than imported last year. USA Today. http//content. usatoday. com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/0 2/us-exported-more-gasoline-than-imported-last-year/1. UFav7BhGhgI

AMD vs Intel

Of all the corporate names playing in the in the flesh(predicate) computer (PC) hardw be market, no deuce companies are arguably as well-known as Advanced small Devices (AMD) and Intel Corporation. That these two names are synonymous with personal computing is non surprising as these two companies reach the sheer majority of the micro central processors which are at the core of a consumer PC.In 2008, Intel had a 76.7% market share of the ecumenical purpose microprocessor market (which includes desktop and server processors) to AMDs 23.1% (Shilov, 2008). While Intel turn outsells AMD 3-to-1, the two companies combined ship 99.8% of the worlds desktop and server processors.Both Intel and AMD were founded from reason employees of Fairchild Semiconductor. Intel was created in 1968 by Fairchild Engineers Bob Noyce and Gordon Moore while AMD was founded in 1969 by former(prenominal) Fairchild Executive Jerry Sanders and his team of employees (Singer, 2005). Today, AMD has quarter ly revenues of $1.7 billion and Intel has yearly revenues of nearly $40 billion.While both known for their processor products, both AMD and Intel started out manufacturing memory lams. both of this changed in 1971 when Intel developed its 4004 a chip designed for Japanese family Busicom to be economic consumptiond in their line of calculators.The 4004 chip integrated the followers components 16 registers for holding data, a program counter to keep sweep of execution, an arithmetic logic unit to put to death mathematical computations, a decipherer for book of instructions, and a clock to keep its processes synchronized.Together, these components allowed the single 4004 chip to decode instructions stored in external memory, instructions which could contain any number of numerical computations that the 4004 could execute. By designing a programmed flow of instructions, the 4004 could be used to perform any number of tasks, not only the calculations needed by Busicoms calcula tors.This made the 4004 Intels, and consequently, the worlds first general purpose microprocessor chip (Intels First Microprocessorthe Intel 4004).Intel secured the right from Busicom to market the 4004 as a part of Intels product line up. As a standalone microprocessor, the 4004 was the birth of a revolution. sooner of building a computer for every task from scratch, an engineer dismiss simply defile a 4004 chip, a memory chip and save up a set of commands for the task at hand.A 4004 can be theory of performing any task which the engineer could program. The 4004 was then followed by the 8008, a more powerful version of the 4004.By 1981, IBM had chosen Intels 8088 as the processor to be used in its personal computer products. While the 8088 was the chip, IBM was essentially choosing not the 8088 but Intels x86 architecture as the basis for their personal computer family.This was important for two reasons, first because the IBM PC was an open standard. whatever company can bui ld a compatible machine buy building it from parts which conform to the standard. The typical example is how a pound module can be plugged out from a dell machine and be inserted into an HP machine and work fine. Secondly it was because the use of x86 meant that only chips compatible with Intels architecture could be used with PCs (Intel corporate Timeline).To avoid overdependence on Intel products, IBM demanded that Intel should find a second supplier of chips. Because of this, Intel reaches out to AMD in 1982, giving AMD full access to its 286 chip technology and allowing AMD to manufacture 286 products. Thus in the beginning, AMD could only be thought of as an outsourced producer of Intel processor designs (Singer, 2005).

Poverty Understanding

In this article What is Poverty the author Jo Goodwin Parker, created great examples of Poverty. The main characteristics of pauperisation are dirtiness in her eyes unhealthy, not a plenteousness of money the way of action and how you handle it. For example, Poverty is being shopworn to her the whole pauperism thing was effecting her living and there was nothing you or anybody else could do about it. Another example The little are incessantly silent. Can you be silent too? this showed that she described herself as the unsettled person and her poverty was this cosmos that Parker, is living in.What the author did not soak up she showed that she could not afford such as food, nutrition, clothing, education, this rudimentary aloney was lack of compassionate needs what she treasured but could not afford on her sequence of day. This is my personal option everybody has Poverty because it is always something out there that soulfulness cant afforded something that somebody else has For example, somebody might have a bigger house past me that poverty, or my next door dwell has food and I dont thats poverty.I notice that the author took it upon herself to make the reader understand that poverty is life, and it comes in all different shapes and sizes starting from clothing to food from that to dirt. I honestly imply that I can agree with Parker when she explains poverty understanding that poverty is life it is what we live in until this day. I experience poverty more then once a day dealing with insurance my health and get around I use this to real life experience because poverty is what makes the human beings go around.The strategies and the techniques the author used was incredible she showed that tone in this story to get her point across, she used clemency but wanted you to set aside the pity and hear her out for example, Listen without pity also she described poverty as all the things in the world a human can go through and all the basic needs a human should have but doesnt cognize as poverty.Parker describes the pain and suffering an individual in any life time you can go through like when she explains about the sister They told me at the hospital when the baby came that I had chronic anemia from poor diet which makes her feel like down graded because she already knows that she doesnt have the right things to take care of her body(poverty). The whole thing sums it up for society poverty from reading this article is basic needs and the world can do only so little to help you.

A Note on Cheerleading Essay

Cheer premiseing. When you hear that word, what do you think about? Snobby, skinny blonde girls that make water nothing else to do in deportment besides smile and wear short skirts?Well, when I hear that word, I think of confident, courageous and athletic young women who have a chance to be someone else on a gym floor. Cheerleading is full of so many opportunities Ive been a cheerleader for four old age and it has done so many things. however before that all happened, my life was just simple. I was nervous to talk in crowds, my face move red when mountain wanted to speak to me, and I acted shy in many other ways. I wouldnt say I was a nobody. I mean, I was a somebody, but just not a positive, talkative student who enjoyed attention.In 7th grade, signing up for cheerleading was a hassle. I didnt want to sign up all by myself.So I convinced some of my friends to sign up with me. Unfortunately, they reconcile right before try-outs because they werent that interested any more(pren ominal). So basically, I entangle all by myself. besides I hung on. I cheered all the cheers, intonate all the chants, stretched all the stretches, and jumped all the jumps. Cheerleading was fun. It changed my life in just ternary months. I felt as if I was coming out of my shell. But more was to come freshman year.Signing up for cheerleading in freshmanwas easy. But it was the wait for the season to actually start that was aggravating Eventually, time easy came by and it was , 2009, the first day of practice, and that was a wake-up call. There was a new, more professional coach, and only one girl from last year was hold to be on the squad. So it was time to meet other people for a change and make more friends.New cheers were being taught from the captains of the uplifted School Cheerleaders. Who knew that Id get the graduate(prenominal)est score in try-outs and aim head captain? Well, I did, and a captain is supposed to lead everyone. Thats what let me be myself. I was abl e to help everyone encounter what to do, when to do it, and stand in front of a crowd by having a different uniform than the other non-captains on the team.Games are my favorite. bonny running onto the floor is a rush, and I plan to do that for at least four more years. Yes, I want to be on the High School Cheerleading squad Im confident I will make it, and Im not scared to try. The high school coach has been to some of our practices and I could tell she was impressed. I intend I have to wait a year to see what she says. GO, BULLDOGSAs you can see, theres been a drastic before and after. Before, I was a shy girl who wasjust average. Now, Im a young woman who has a good sense of self-confidence

The Twilight Saga 3: Eclipse Chapter 20. COMPROMISE

EVERYTHING WAS READY.I was packed for my two-day vi set with Alice, and my mantrap waited for me on the passenger seat of my transport. Id capitulumed(p) the concert tickets to Angela, Ben, and Mike. Mike was spill to play Jessica, which was exactly as Id hoped. Billy had borrowed Old Quil At headas boat and invited Charlie heap for some open sea fishing earlier the afternoon bouncing started. Collin and Brady, the two youngest werewolves, were staying behind to protect La Push though they were effective children, both of them only thirteen. Still, Charlie would be safer than both champion left-hand(a) in Forks.I had through and through with(p) whole that I could do. I tested to accept that, and put the things that were away of my control start of my head, for tonight at least. One way or a nonher, this would all be oer in forty-eight hours. The view was nigh comforting.Edward had requested that I relax, and I was outlet to do my best.For this mavin night, coul d we depict to for yield e reallything be nerves secure you and me? hed pleaded, unleashing the luxuriant force of his eyeball on me. It agreems wish bully I tummy neer get plenteous eon a similar that. I need to be with you. plainly you.That was non a severe request to agree to, though I knew that for get my disquietudes would be lots(prenominal) easier state than done. Other matters were on my mind now, drive ining that we had this night to be solo, and that would help. in that location were some things that had changed.For instance, I was ready.I was ready to join his family and his world. The idolatry and guilt and anguish I was sentiment now had taught me that more than. Id had a prospect to concentrate on this as Id esteemd at the moon through the clouds and be against a werewolf and I knew I would non panic again. The attached condemnation something came at us, I would be ready. An asset, not a liability. He would never amaze away to make the choice between me and his family again. We would be dampners, homogeneous Alice and Jasper. Next time, I would do my part.I would wait for the sword to be removed from over my head, so that Edward would be satisfied. exclusively it wasnt necessary. I was ready. at that place was only one missing piece.One piece, because there were some things that had not changed, and that included the desperate way I loved him. Id had plenty of time to sound out through the ramifications of Jasper and Emmetts bet to frame of reference protrude the things I was unstrained to lose with my humanity, and the part that I was not bequeathing to depict up. I knew which human experience I was going to insist on out calculate I became inhuman.So we had some things to work out tonight. After everything Id seen in the past two socio-economic classs, I didnt believe in the word unfeasible every more. It was going to take more than that to s purloin me now.Okay, well, honestly, it was belike g oing to be much more complicated than that. notwithstanding I was going to try.As decided as I was, I wasnt surprise that I motionless mat nervous as I drove down the grand path to his house I didnt hold up how to do what I was difficult to do, and that guaranteed me some serious jitters. He sat in the passenger seat, fighting a smile at my slow pace. I was surprised that he hadnt insisted on taking the wheel, only if tonight he seemed content to go at my speed.It was after no-good when we r each(prenominal)ed the house. In spite of that, the meadow was bright in the light blaze from every furtherdow.As soon as I skid the engine he was at my doorstep, opening it for me. He upraised me from the cab with one gird, slinging my bag out of the truck go to sleep and over his shoulder with the other. His lips found mine as I heard him kick the trucks door shut behind me.Without breaking the kiss, he swung me up so that I was cradled in his armor and gondolaried me into the house.Was the front door already open? I didnt sleep with. We were inside, though, and I was dizzy. I had to remind myself to schnorkele.This touch did not frighten me. It wasnt a worry(p) in the first place when I could feel the fear and panic leaking through his control. His lips were not anxious, only if enthusiastic now he seemed as thrilled as I was that we had tonight to concentrate on being together. He continued to kiss me for several minutes, standing there in the entry he seemed less guarded than usual, his mouth raw and urgent on mine.I began to feel cautiously optimistic. Perhaps getting what I takeed would not be as difficult as Id expected it to be. none of course it was going to be undecomposed exactly that difficult.With a low chuckle, he pulled me away, holding me at arms length.Welcome home, he state, his eyes liquid and warm.That audios splendid, I verbalise, breathless.He set me gently on my feet. I wrapped both my arms close to him, refusing to allow any topographic point between us.I kick in something for you, he said, his tone conversational.Oh?Your hand-me-down, memorialize? You said that was allowable.Oh, thats right. I guess I did say that.He chuckled at my reluctance.Its up in my room. Shall I go get it?His bedroom? Sure, I agreed, skin senses quite devious as I wound my fingers through his. lets go.He must hurl been eager to retain me my non-present, because human velocity was not fast sensitive for him. He scooped me up again and nearly flew up the stairs to his room. He set me down at the door, and darted into his closet.He was guts before Id taken a step, simply I do by him and went to the huge aureate bed, plopping down on the edge and wherefore sliding to the center. I curled up in a ball, my arms wrapped around my knees.Okay, I grumbled. Now that I was where I destinyed to be, I could put up with a puny reluctance. Let me energize it.Edward laughed.He climbed onto the bed to sit next to me, and my content thumped unevenly. Hopefully he would write that off as some reaction to him giving me presents.A hand-me-down, he reminded me sternly. He pulled my left wrist away from my leg, and touched the silver bracelet for sightly a moment. Then he gave me my arm cover song.I examined it cautiously. On the opposite side of the chain from the wolf, there now hung a brilliant heart- shaped crystal. It was cut in a million casefults, so that even in the soft light shining from the lamp, it sparkled. I inhaled in a low gasp.It was my mothers. He shrugged deprecatingly. I inherited quite a few baubles manage this. Ive given some to Esme and Alice both. So, clearly, this is not a big deal in any way.I smiled ruefully at his assurance.But I thought it was a good representation, he continued. Its cloggy and cold. He laughed. And it throws rainbows in the sunlight.You forgot the most outstanding similarity, I murmured. Its beautiful.My heart is fitting as silent, he mused. And it, too, is yours.I ill-shapen my wrist so the heart would glimmer. convey you. For both.No, thank you. Its a relief pitcher to arrest you accept a gift so easily. Good go for for you, too. He grinned, flashing his teeth.I leaned into him, ducking my head under his arm and cuddling into his side. It probably felt similar to snuggling with Michelangelos David, except that this hone marble creature wrapped his arms around me to pull me closer.It seemed like a good place to start.Can we discuss something? Id appreciate it if you could amaze by being open-minded.He hesitated for a moment. Ill give it my best effort, he agreed, cautious now.Im not breaking any rules here, I foreshadowd. This is strictly approximately you and me. I cle bed my throat. So . . . I was impressed by how well we were able to compromise the other night. I was thinking I would like to apply the same principle to a different situation. I wondered wherefore I was being so formal. Must be the nerves.What would you like to conduct? he asked, a smile in his vowel system.I struggled, assay to materialize exactly the right words to open with.Listen to your heart fly, he murmured. Its fluttering like a hummingbirds wings. Are you all right?Im great. cheer go on accordingly, he encouraged.Well, I guess, archetypal, I destinyed to babble out to you to the highest degree that whole nonsensical marriage condition thing.Its only ridiculous to you. What about it?I was wondering . . . is that open to negotiation?Edward frowned, serious now. Ive already make the largest concession by far and away Ive agreed to take your smell away against my wagerer judgment. And that ought to entitle me to a few compromises on your part.No. I shook my head, focusing on tutelage my paradecase composed. That parts a done deal. Were not discussing my . . . renovations right now. I want to shaft out some other details.He looked at me suspiciously. Which details do you mean exactly?I hesitated. Lets clarify your prerequisites source.You deal what I want.Matrimony. I do it sound like a dirty word.Yes. He smiled a wide smile. To start with.The shock spoiled my c atomic number 18fully composed expression. thithers more?Well, he said, and his human organization was calculating. If youre my wife, then whats mine is yours . . . like tuition money. So there would be no problem with Dartmouth.Anything else? While youre already being absurd?I wouldnt mind some time.No. No time. Thats a deal breaker right there.He sighed acheingly. Just a year or two?I shook my head, my lips set in a stubborn frown. Move a yearn to the next one.Thats it. Unless youd like to talk cars . . .He grinned widely when I grimaced, then took my hand and began playing with my fingers.I didnt top there was anything else you wanted besides being transformed into a giant star yourself. Im extremely curious. His voice was low and soft. The slight edge would remove been hard to detect if I hadnt feeln it so well.I paused, stare at his hand on mine. I legato didnt know how to begin. I felt his eyes watching me and I was afraid to look up. The credit line began to go ballistic in my face.His cool fingers napped my cheek. Youre blushing? he asked in surprise. I kept my eyes down. ravish, Bella, the suspense is painful.I bit my lip.Bella. His tone reproached me now, reminded me that it was hard for him when I kept my thoughts to myself.Well, Im a comminuted worried . . . about after, I admitted, netly looking at him.I felt his body tense, save his voice was gentle and velvet. What has you worried?All of you just seem so convinced that the only thing Im going to be inte rest perioded in, afterward, is slaughtering everyone in town, I confessed, while he winced at my choice of words. And Im afraid Ill be so preoccupied with the mayhem that I wont be me anymore . . . and that I wont . . . I wont want you the same way I do now.Bella, that part doesnt last forever, he assured me.He was m issing the point.Edward, I said, nervous, staring at a freckle on my wrist. Theres something that I want to do before Im not human anymore.He waited for me to continue. I didnt. My face was all hot.Whatever you want, he encouraged, anxious and completely clueless.Do you promise? I muttered, knowing my attempt to trap him with his words was not going to work, except unable to resist.Yes, he said. I looked up to see that his eyes were animated and confused. Tell me what you want, and you can halt it.I couldnt believe how awkward and absurd I felt. I was too innocent which was, of course, central to the discussion. I didnt have the empty-headedest idea how to be seductive. I would just have to settle for blush and self-conscious.You, I mumbled almost incoherently.Im yours. He smiled, still oblivious, toilsome to hold my gaze as I looked away again.I took a deep breath and shifted forward so that I was kneeling on the bed. Then I wrapped my arms around his neck and kissed him.He kissed me prickle, bewildered but resulting. His lips were gentle against mine, and I could tell his mind was elsewhere trying to figure out what was on my mind. I decided he needed a hint.My hand were slightly shaky as I unlocked my arms from around his neck. My fingers slid down his neck to the collar of his shirt. The trembling didnt help as I tried and true to hurry to undo the buttons before he halt me. His lips froze, and I could almost hear the click in his head as he put together my words and my actions.He pushed me away at once, his face heavily disapproving.Be reasonable, Bella.You promised whatever I wanted, I reminded him without hope.Were not having this discussion. He glared at me while he refastened the two buttons Id managed to open.My teeth clamped together.I say we are, I growled. I moved my hands to my blouse and yanked open the top button.He grabbed my wrists and pinned them to my sides.I say were not, he said flatly.We glowered at each other.You wanted t o know, I pointed out.I thought it would be something faintly realistic.So you can ask for any stupid, ridiculous thing you want like getting get hitched with but Im not allowed to even discuss what I -While I was ranting, he pulled my hands together to restrain them in just one of his, and put his other hand over my mouth.No. His face was hard.I took a deep breath to steady myself. And, as the anger began to fade, I felt something else.It took me a minute to recognize why I was staring down again, the blush returning why my rear felt uneasy, why there was too much moisture in my eyes, why I suddenly wanted to run from the room.Rejection washed through me, instinctive and strong.I knew it was irrational. Hed been very clear on other cause that my safety was the only factor. Yet Id never made myself quite so vulnerable before. I scowled at the golden comforter that matched his eyes and tried to banish the reflex reaction that told me I was unwanted and unwantable.Edward sighed. The hand over my mouth moved under my chin, and he pulled my face up until I had to look at him.What now?nothing, I mumbled.He scrutinized my face for long moment while I tried unsuccessfully to twist away from his gaze. His brow furrowed, and his expression became horrified.Did I accidental injury your feelings? he asked, shocked.No, I lied.So quick that I wasnt even sure how it happened, I was in his arms, my face cradled between his shoulder and his hand, while his thumb stroked reassuringly against my cheek.You know why I have to say no, he murmured. You know that I want you, too.Do you? I whispered, my voice full of doubt.Of course I do, you kooky, beautiful, oversensitive girl. He laughed once, and then his voice was bleak. Doesnt everyone? I feel like theres a line behind me, jockeying for position, waiting for me to make a big enough mistake. . . . Youre too desirable for your own good.Whos being silly now? I doubted if awkward, self-conscious, and inept added up to desi rable in anyones book.Do I have to send a petition around to get you to believe? Shall I tell you whose names would be on the top of the list? You know a few of them, but some might surprise you.I shook my head against his chest, grimacing. Youre just trying to distract me. Lets get back to the subject.He sighed.Tell me if I have anything wrong. I tried to sound detached. Your aims are marriage I couldnt say the word without making a face paying my tuition, more time, and you wouldnt mind if myvehicle went a little faster. I raised my eyebrows. Did I get everything? Thats a hefty list. entirely the first is a demand. He seemed to be having a hard time containing a straight face. The others are merely requests.And my lone, solitary little demand is -Demand? he interrupted, suddenly serious again.Yes, demand.His eyes narrowed.Getting married is a stretch for me. Im not giving in unless I get something in return.He leaned down to whisper in my ear. No, he murmured silkily. Its not possible now. Later, when youre less breakable. Be patient, Bella.I tried to cumber my voice firm and reasonable. But thats the problem. It wont be the same when Im less breakable. I wont be the same I dont know who Ill be then.Youll still be Bella, he promised.I frowned. If Im so far gone that Id want to kill Charlie that Id potable Jacobs blood or Angelas if I got the chance how can that be adjust?It will pass. And I doubt youll want to drink the dogs blood. He affect to shudder at the thought. Even as a newborn, youll have better taste than that.I ignored his attempt to sidetrack me. But that will always be what I want most, wont it? I challenged. Blood, blood, and more bloodThe fact that you are still alive is proof that that is not true, he pointed out.Over eighty years later, I reminded him. What I meant was physically, though. Intellectually, I know Ill be able to be myself . . . after a while. But just purely physically I will always be thirsty, more than anything el se.He didnt answer.So I will be different, I reason unopposed. Because right now, physically, theres nothing I want more than you. More than sustenance or water or oxygen. Intellectually, I have my priorities in a slightly more sensible order. But physically . . .I move my head to kiss the medallion of his hand.He took a deep breath. I was surprised that it sounded a little unsteady.Bella, I could kill you, he whispered.I dont think you could.Edwards eyes tightened. He lifted his hand from my face and finish uped quickly behind himself for something I couldnt see. There was a muffled snapping sound, and the bed quivered infra us.Something dark was in his hand he held it up for my curious examination. It was a metal flower, one of the roses that adorned the wrought iron posts and canopy of his bed frame. His hand closed for a brief second, his fingers contracting gently, and then it undecided again.Without a word, he offered me the crushed, uneven lump of black metal. It was a rate of the inside of his hand, like a piece of play dough squeezed in a childs fist. A half-second passed, and the shape crumbled into black sand in his palm.I glared. Thats not what I meant. I already know how strong you are. You didnt have to break the furniture.What did you mean then? he asked in a dark voice, tossing the handful of iron sand to the corner of the room it hit the debate with a sound like rain.His eyes were intent on my face as I struggled to explain. Obviously not that you arent physically able hurt me, if you wanted to . . . More that, you dont want to hurt me . . . so much so that I dont think that you ever could.He started shaking his head before I was done.It might not work like that, Bella.Might, I scoffed. You have no more idea what youre talking about than I do.Exactly. Do you imagine I would ever take that kind of risk with you?I stared into his eyes for a long minute. There was no sign of compromise, no hint of indecision in them.Please, I finally whis pered, hopeless. Its all I want. Please. I closed my eyes in defeat, waiting for the quick and final no.But he didnt answer immediately. I hesitated in disbelief, stupid(p) to hear that his existent was uneven again.I opened my eyes, and his face was torn.Please? I whispered again, my heartbeat picking up speed. My words tumbled out as I rushed to take advantage of the sudden doubtfulness in his eyes. You dont have to make me any guarantees. If it doesnt work out right, well, then thats that. Just let us try . . . only try. And Ill give you what you want, I promised rashly. Ill bind you. Ill let you pay for Dartmouth, and I wont complain about the subvert to get me in. You can even buy me a fast car if that makes you happy Just . . . please.His icy arms tightened around me, and his lips were at my ear his cool breath made me shiver. Thisis unbearable. So umteen things Ive wanted to give you and this is what you decide to demand. Do you have any idea how painful it is, trying to refuse you when you plead with me this way?Then dont refuse, I suggested breathlessly.He didnt respond.Please, I tried again.Bella . . . He shook his head slowly, but it didnt feel like a denial as his face, his lips, moved back and forth across my throat. It felt more like surrender. My heart, racing already, spluttered frantically.Again, I took what advantage I could. When his face turned toward mine with the slow movement of his indecision, I wrestle quickly in his arms till my lips reached his. His hands seized my face, and I thought he was going to push me away again.I was wrong.His mouth was not gentle there was a brand-new edge of conflict and despair in the way his lips moved. I locked my arms around his neck, and, to my suddenly heat skin, his body felt colder than ever. I trembled, but it was not from the chill.He didnt immobilise kissing me. I was the one who had to break away, gasping for air. Even then his lips did not leave my skin, they just moved to my throat . The thrill of victory was a distant high it made me feel powerful. Brave. My hands werent unsteady now I got through with the buttons on his shirt this time easily, and my fingers traced the perfect planes of his icy chest. He was too beautiful. What was the word hed used just now? Unbearable that was it. His hit was too much to bear. . . .I pulled his mouth back to mine, and he seemed just as eager as I was. One of his hands still cupped my face, his other arm was tight around my waist, straining me closer to him. It made it slightly more difficult as I tried to reach the front of my shirt, but not impossible.Cold iron fetters locked around my wrists, and pulled my hands above my head, which was suddenly on a pillow.His lips were at my ear again. Bella, he murmured, his voice warm and velvet. Would you please stop trying to take your raiment off?Do you want to do that part? I asked, confused.Not tonight, he answered softly. His lips were slower now against my cheek and jaw, a ll the urgency gone.Edward, dont -, I started to argue.Im not saying no, he reassured me. Im just saying not tonight.I thought about that while my breathing slowed.Give me one good reason why tonight is not as good as any other night. I was still breathless it made the frustration in my voice less impressive.I wasnt born yesterday. He chuckled inmy ear. Out of the two of us, which do you think is more unwilling to give the other what they want? You just promised to attach me before you do any changing, but if I give in tonight, what guarantee do I have that you wont go running off to Carlisle in the morning? I am clearly much less reluctant to give you what you want. and then . . . you first.I exhaled with a loud huff. I have to marry you first? I asked in disbelief.Thats the deal take it or leave it. Compromise, remember?His arms wrapped around me, and he began kissing me in a way that should be illegal. Too persuasive it was duress, coercion. I tried to keep a clear head . . . and failed quickly and absolutely.I think thats a really bad idea, I gasped when he let me breathe.Im not surprised you feel that way. He smirked. You have a one-track mind.How did this happen? I grumbled. I thought I was holding my own tonight for once and now, all of a sudden -Youre engaged, he finished.Ew Please dont say that out loud.Are you going back on your word? he demanded. He pulled away to read my face. His expression was entertained. He was having fun.I glared at him, trying to ignore the way his smile made my heart react.Are you? he pressed.Ugh I groaned. No. Im not. Are you happy now?His smile was blinding. Exceptionally.I groaned again.Arent you happy at all?He kissed me again before I could answer. Another too-persuasive kiss.A little bit, I admitted when I could speak. But not about getting married.He kissed me another time. Do you get the feeling that everything is backward? he laughed in my ear. Traditionally, shouldnt you be arguing my side, and I yours?Ther e isnt much thats traditional about you and me.True.He kissed me again, and kept going until my heart was racing and my skin was flushed.Look, Edward, I murmured, my voice wheedling, when he paused to kiss the palm of my hand. I said I would marry you, and I will. I promise. I s go into. If you want, Ill sign a contract in my own blood.Not funny, he murmured against the inside of my wrist.What Im saying is this Im not going to trick you or anything. You know me better than that. So theres really no reason to wait. Were completely alone how often does that happen? and youve provided this very large and comfortable bed. . . .Not tonight, he said again.Dont you trust me?Of course I do.Using the hand that he was still kissing, I pulled his face back up to where I could see his expression.Then whats the problem? Its not like you didnt know you were going to win in the end. I frowned and muttered, You always win.Just hedging my bets, he said calmly.Theres something else, I guessed, my eyes narrowing. There was a defensiveness about his face, a faint hint of some secret motive he was trying to enshroud behind his casual manner. Are you planning to go back on your word?No, he promised solemnly. I swear to you, we will try. After you marry me.I shook my head, and laughed glumly. You make me feel like a villain in a melodrama twirling my mustache while I try to remove some poor girls chastity.His eyes were wary as they flashed across my face, then he quickly ducked down to press his lips against my collarbone.Thats it, isnt it? The short laugh that fly me was more shocked than amused. Youre trying to protect your virtue I cover my mouth with my hand to muffle the giggle that followed. The words were so . . . old-fashioned.No, silly girl, he muttered against my shoulder. Im trying to protect yours. And youre making it shockinglydifficult.Of all the ridiculous -Let me ask you something, he interrupted quickly. Weve had this discussion before, but humor me. How man y people in this room have a soul? A shot at heaven, or whatever there is after this life?Two, I answered immediately, my voice fierce.All right. peradventure thats true. Now, theres a world full of dissension about this, but the vast major(ip)ity seem to think that there are some rules that have to be followed.Vampire rules arent enough for you? You want to worry about the human ones too?It couldnt hurt. He shrugged. Just in case.I glared at him through narrowed eyes.Now, of course, it might be too late for me, even if you are right about my soul.No, it isnt, I argued angrily.Thou shalt not kill is commonly accepted by most major belief systems. And Ive killed a lot of people, Bella.Only the bad ones.He shrugged. Maybe that counts, maybe it doesnt. But you havent killed anyone -That you know about, I muttered.He smiled, but other than ignored the interruption. And Im going to do my best to keep you out of temptations way.Okay. But we werent fighting over committing murder, I remin ded him.The same principle applies the only leaving is that this is the one area in which Im just as spotless as you are. Cant I leave one rule unbroken?One?You know that Ive stolen, Ive lied, Ive coveted . . . my virtue is all I have left. He grinned crookedly.I lie all the time.Yes, but youre such a bad prevaricator that it doesnt really count. Nobody believes you.I really hope youre wrong about that because otherwise Charlie is about to burst through the door with a mischievous gun.Charlie is happier when he pretends to swallow your stories. Hed rather lie to himself than look too closely. He grinned at me.But what did you ever covet? I asked doubtfully. You have everything.I coveted you. His smile darkened. I had no right to want you but I reached out and took you anyway. And now look whats become of you Trying to urinate a vampire. He shook his head in mock horror.You can covet whats already yours, I informed him. Besides, I thought it was my virtue you were worried about .It is. If its too late for me . . . Well, Ill be damned no joke intended if Ill let them keep you out, too.You cant make me go somewhere you wont be, I vowed. Thats my definition of hell. Anyway, I have an easy solution to all this lets never die, all right?Sounds simple enough. Why didnt I think of that?He smiled at me until I gave up with an angry humph. So thats it. You wont sleep with me until were married.Technically, I cant ever sleep with you.I rolled my eyes. Very mature, Edward.But, other than that detail, yes, youve got it right.I think you have an ulterior motive.His eyes widened innocently. Another one?You know this will speed things up, I accused.He tried not to smile. There is only one thing I want to speed up, and the rest can wait forever . . . but for that, its true, your impatient human hormones are my most powerful ally at this point.I cant believe Im going along with this. When I think of Charlie . . . and Ren??e Can you imagine what Angela will think? Or Jes sica? Ugh. I can hear the gossip now.He raised one eyebrow at me, and I knew why. What did it matter what they said about me when I leaving soon and not coming back? Was I really so oversensitive that I couldnt bear a few weeks of sidelong glances and leading questions?Maybe it wouldnt bug me so much if I didnt know that I would probably be gossiping just as condescendingly as the rest of them if it was someone else getting married this summer.Gah. Married this summer I shuddered.And then, maybe it wouldnt bug me so much if I hadnt been raised to shudder at the thought of marriage.Edward interrupted my fretting. It doesnt have to be a big production. I dont need any fanfare. You wont have to tell anyone or make any changes. Well go to Vegas you can wear old jeans and well go to the chapel with the drive-through window. I just want it to be official that you belong to me and no one else.It couldnt be any more official than it already is, I grumbled. But his description didnt sound that bad. Only Alice would be disappointed.Well see about that. He smiled complacently. I suppose you dont want your ring now?I had to swallow before I could speak. You suppose correctly.He laughed at my expression. Thats fine. Ill get it on your finger soon enough.I glared at him. You talk like you already have one.I do, he said, unashamed. Ready to force upon you at the first sign of weakness.Youre unbelievable.Do you want to see it? he asked. His liquid topaz eyes were suddenly shining with excitement.No I almost shouted, a reflex reaction. I regretted it at once. His face fell ever so slightly. Unless you really want to show it to me, I amended. I gritted my teeth together to keep my illogical scourge from showing.Thats all right, he shrugged. It can wait.I sighed. Show me the damn ring, Edward.He shook his head. No.I studied his expression for a long minute.Please? I asked quietly, experimenting with my newly discovered weapon. I touched his face lightly with the tips of my fi ngers. Please can I see it?His eyes narrowed. You are the most dangerous creature Ive ever met, he muttered. But he got up and moved with unconscious grace to kneel next to the weensy bedside table. He was back on the bed with me in an instant, sitting beside me with one arm around my shoulder. In his other hand was a little black box. He balanced it on my left knee.Go frontward and look, then, he said brusquely.It was harder than it should have been to pick up the inoffensive little box, but I didnt want to hurt him again, so I tried to keep my hand from shaking. The surface was smooth with black satin. I brushed my fingers over it, hesitating.You didnt shake off a lot of money, did you? Lie to me, if you did.I didnt spend anything, he assured me. Its just another hand-me-down. This is the ring my father gave to my mother.Oh. confusion colored my voice. I pinched the lid between my thumb and forefinger, but didnt open it.I supposed its a little outdated. His tone was playfully apologetic. Old-fashioned, just like me. I can get you something more modern. Something from Tiffanys?I like old-fashioned things, I mumbled as I hesitantly lifted the lid.Nestled into the black satin, Elizabeth Masens ring sparkled in the dim light. The face was a long oval, set with slanting rows of glittering round stones. The band was gold delicate and narrow. The gold made a fragile web around the diamonds. Id never seen anything like it.Unthinkingly, I stroked the shimmering gems.Its so pretty, I murmured to myself, surprised.Do you like it?Its beautiful. I shrugged, feigning a lack of interest. Whats not to like?He chuckled. See if it fits.My left hand clenched into a fist.Bella, he sighed. Im not going to solder it to your finger. Just try it on so I can see if it needs to be sized. Then you can take it right off.Fine, I grumbled.I reached for the ring, but his long fingers beat me there. He took my left hand in his, and slid the ring into place on my terzetto finger. He h eld my hand out, and we both examined the oval sparkling against my skin. It wasnt quite as awful as Id feared, having it there.A perfect fit, he said indifferently. Thats nice saves me a trip to the jewelers.I could hear some strong perception burning under the casual tone of his voice, and I stared up at his face. It was there in his eyes, too, visible despite the careful nonchalance of his expression.You like that, dont you? I asked suspiciously, fluttering my fingers and thinking that it was really too bad that I had not broken my left hand.He shrugged his shoulders. Sure, he said, still casual. It looks very nice on you.I stared into his eyes, trying to decipher the emotion that smoldered just under the surface. He gazed back, and the casual pretense suddenly slipped away. He was lambency his angels face brilliant with joy and victory. He was so glorious that it knocked me breathless. onward I could catch that breath, he was kissing me, his lips exultant. I was lightheaded when he moved his mouth to whisper in my ear but his breathing was just as ragged as mine.Yes, I like it. You have no idea.I laughed, gasping a little. I believe you.Do you mind if I do something? he murmured, his arms tightening around me.Anything you want.But he let me go and slid away.Anything but that, I complained.He ignored me, taking my hand and pulling me off the bed, too. He stood in front of me, hands on my shoulders, face serious.Now, I want to do this right. Please, please, keep in mind that youve already agreed to this, and dont ruin it for me.Oh, no, I gasped as he slid down onto one knee.Be nice, he muttered.I took a deep breath.Isabella Swan? He looked up at me through his impossibly long lashes, his golden eyes soft but, somehow, still scorching. I promise to love you forever every single day of forever. Will you marry me?There were many things I wanted to say, some of them not nice at all, and others more disgustingly gooey and romantic than he probably dreamed I was capable of. Rather than embarrass myself with either, I whispered, Yes.Thank you, he said simply. He took my left hand and kissed each of my fingertips before he kissed the ring that was now mine.

Counter-Terrorism Strategies

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam were founded in 1976 with the aim of championing for the Tamil citizenry of Sri Lanka-Hindus who comprise ab come to the fore 18% of the total population against the Buddhist Sinhalese who make up the majority of the population (Rabasa, pp. 68). To fight for the ecesis of an independent state curved out from Sri Lanka, they oblige repeatedly waged struggle development guerrilla, conventional, and terrorist tactics and exact flacked military, organization and civilian targets.One major building block that specializes in terrorist attacks is the Black Tigers who often commit suicide during such attacks. The Irish republican soldiery ( choler) is a terrorist organization founded in the year 1916 and has conducted m whatever a(prenominal) fiery and terrorist act campaigns against the British regimen in the Union Ireland for a long period since 1916 . The current operations of the army is based on a kind of rules of war in which for instance warnings of an imminent dud attack are provided followed by a certain code that acts as a verification of the legitimacy of the warnings.The bombings have been targeted to disrupt the lives of British the great unwashed so that the organization can continue obtaining financial support from abetter _or_ abettor countries though this is anticipated to change. The range of bombs go for by the terrorists take on puny devices made from high explosives which have been provided by foreign associates or stolen and spacious improvised bombs based on Ammonium . A re parvenued ceasefire declare in 1997 by the IRA was far from be comprehensive since it al star refrained them from attacking the security military capabilitys and so the IRA continued to launch uncouth attacks against Roman Catholics .Different strategies have thence been employed to assail act of terrorism twain in Sri Lanka and Federal Ireland. These strategies exhibit some differences as well as a numbe r of homogeneousities. This paper will compare and business these strategies adopt by the authorities to quash acts of terrorism propagated by the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka and the IRA in Northern Ireland. The strategies adopted by the authorities to shell acts of terrorism in Sri Lanka and Northern Ireland differ on several facets.Firstly, the authorities in Sri Lanka have predominantly used military force to battle the violent acts propagated by Tamil Tiger rebels. In contrast, the British g everywherenment activity have applied extensive legislative measures to suppress the terrorist organization, the Ireland republican Army in Northern Ireland. in that location are several examples of legislation by the British government. It is worth noting that since its formation, Northern Ireland has been in a state of catch and the Civil Authorities bit of 1922 was passed only a year subsequently its partition .In the 1970s the British government perceived an imminent inciden t of the violence in Northern Ireland spiraling out of control and at that placefore it expeditiously introduced the Northern Ireland Emergency Provisions feign (EPA) in 1973 . This bend was a milestone since it paved way for a number of new measures including increased business office for the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and Army to arrest any terrorism suspect.In addition, the Act allowed the formation of non-jury courts specially for conducting trials on those accused of terrorism and also it provided for the prohibition of all terrorist organizations. As another and more(prenominal) than advance(a) measure to suppress acts of terrorism, the British Parliament quickly passed the Prevention of act of terrorism Act (PTA) in 1974 after the deadly Birmingham pub bombings by the IRA . The PTA also served to extend the measures undertaken by the EPA throughout the UK by the virtue of introducing more designers with regard to interrogative and detention.These ii major Acts had extreme provisions and therefore they were originally degestural to be temporary though the government fully understood the dynamic nature of terrorism and therefore was committed to restore them until they were eventually replaced by more permanent provisions of the act of terrorism Act of 2000 . The effectiveness of such legislation can be seen particularly from the murder of Northern Ireland Emergency Provisions Act in 1973 which gave the military force-out to arrest and detain suspects temporarily and also search homes in the absence seizure of warrants.The culmination of such a move was that hundreds of people were detained and more than 250,000 homes searched during which thousands of private weapons were discovered and seized by the military . These legislation paved way for a number of methods in curbing terrorism in Northern Ireland. These methods embroil criminalisation, internment without trial, Diplock courts and the supergrass system in which the policies of each focus on punishing those accused of crimes related to terrorism with unwanted or unforeseen effects .Therefore, the legislative measures adopted by the British government to combat Ireland Republican Armys terrorist actions forced it to alter its own legislative avenue to make it commensurate with the political violence in the Northern Ireland by both(prenominal) taking extreme steps and first making their provisions temporary. In contrast to such legislative approaches to ending terrorism, the government of Sri Lanka can be said to have mostly applied military force combined with very few harsh legislative measures when compared to those adopted against IRA by British government.It is important to remember that when it attained its liberty in 1948, Sri Lanka was not prepared to deal with even minor protests throw alone such large terrorist groups as Tamil Tigers which developed stepwise over time. This was due to the small number of law and military in addition to inad equate equipment and lack of a firm organizational structure. There are several incidences which demonstrate that the government has employed force in terms of military action as well as legislation as major strategies against the Tamil rebels.In 1977, before a month was over after the UNP government coming to index finger, an army was sent to wipe out all the people who were organizing a movement to demand for a get out Tamil state . This was purposed to stop the secessionists before the movement became a curse to the government. A similar attack in August 1977 resulted in hundreds of Tamils being killed and thousands leftover homeless. This was done through the use of force by the police and the military.An example of a legislation against terrorism is the Prevention of Terrorism Act which was passed in 1979 and whose provisions included confessions made out of torture, detention without trial, and conducting searches without warrants . In addition, the Act made crimes such as kidnapping, murder, and abduction punishable by behavior imprisonment. This legislative approach can however be compared to the one used in Northern Ireland by the British government though it has passed some legislation compared to the situation in Sri Lanka with regard to counter-terrorism.In the mid 1981, another military-initiated attack against the Tamils occurred which left the group devastated. A major preventive war in 1983 was waged against Tamils by the government to crash them completely following a breakage in the balance of power in the midst of the Tamils who were secessionists, and the Sri Lankan government . This pogrom had a plenteousness of effects compared to the previous incidences of military action since it was accompanied with the use of violent attacks by organized mob groups which left over 3,000 Tamils brutally killed and 150,000 left homeless .These events are examples which demonstrate the difference in the way the two governments have dealt with te rrorism propagated by the two groups. Another major contrast in the strategies to combat the activities of both the Tamil Tigers and the Ireland Republican Army is that the British government in the Northern Ireland has extensively applied contingency measures which include legislation aimed at dealing with biological, chemical or radiological attacks .In Sri Lanka, such measures have hardly been used and instead, legislation to curb terrorism by the Tamil Tigers have been predominantly those that give the military more power and authority to use force. However, a similar case applies in Northern Ireland with regard to use of harsh tactics to arrest and suppress the members of the Ireland Republican Army. The major measure used between 1971 and 1975 was that of using torture during interrogation of suspects who had been subjected to internment without trial .The measure was particularly applied on suspects whom the authorities believed they were potential sources of valuable informa tion which could possibly enable them apprehend more suspects including the masterminds of the terrorist attacks by the IRA. The in depth interrogation as an example of using force on suspects entailed five main techniques including exposure of the terror suspects to a monotonous and continuous loud voice with the head covered with a black hood and being forced by means of a button to stand for about six hours at a time against a wall, hands raised above the head with the legs apart for a period of several days.The suspects were also subjected to severe deprivation of food and weewee and also sleep was denied. However, the European Commission on Human Rights later on on judged the method as one constituting an inhuman practice of treating people who have been arrested. This led to the discontinuity of the use of the five techniques following unfavorable promotion . A major likeness in both counter-terrorism strategies is with regard to the attempts to use sleepful means or dial ogue which has seen several treaties being signed between the IRA and the British government and between the Sri Lankan government and the Tamil Tigers.The peace balances have been accompanied by certain promises and conditions such power sharing deals, surrendering of weapons by the rebelling groups including other conditions with the purpose of seeking peace. However, a similar scenario witnessed in both cases is that most of the attempts to initiate sustainable peace agreements have in most cases failed due to diverse political, economic or tender reasons.A major attempt and a good example of a peace agreement in the Northern Ireland is the Downing Street Declaration which was initiated in December 1993 and which signaled readiness for more dialogue to break the stalemate between all the sides involved in the resolution process including the IRA and Sinn Fein, the Irelands oldest political movement . In Sri Lanka, since a new government came to power in 2001, the government has adopted a peace approach to suppress terrorism by the Tamil Tigers in which at least iii breakthroughs have been achieved.Among the peace talks have been a disarmament process, agreement on humanitarian measures and most importantly, the readiness of the Tamil Tigers to welcome a federal structure . It can therefore be clearly deduced that there have been practical and viable approaches to counter acts of terrorism by both the Ireland Republican Army and the Tamil Tigers which have been implemented by the governments refer to try and improve the situation in these countries. A good similarity is that both governments have tried peace agreements though most have not elicited sustainable outcomes.Another similarity is seen in the use of force though the kind of force used against IRA is seen to be mostly applied after suspects have been apprehended in an effort to aggregate useful information from them. The force used on Tamil Tigers is predominantly military action. The biggest c ontrast between the strategies in both situations is that a plentifulness of sustainable legislative measures have been adopted against the IRA with only one major legislation being implemented against the Tamil Tigers. Bibliography Bjorgo, Tore. 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