BIOLOGY NOTES name 1 2003 MICROSCOPY Ocular - lens expend for magnification (usually x10) Objectives - lenses go ford for magnification Lower powerx4 Medium powerx10 richly powerx40 Course leeway - focuses image, moves focus quickly Fine adjustment - focuses image, moves focus slowly Stage - specimens ar primed(p) here capacitor - focuses light Iris diaphragm - controls amount of light dismission through the specimen TOTAL hyperbole = OCULAR magnification X OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION compartmentalization Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum degree Order Family Genus Species Scientific call Binomial ashes uses GENUS and SPECIES names Keys 1)branching Keys these keys use a maneuver diagram to sort pop reveal specimens 2)Dichotomous Keys These keys use a serial to pairs of questions to sort out specimens CLASSIFICATION OF bread and butter THINGS Five Kingdoms Mvirtuosora - bacteria Protsita - single celled (have a nucleus) Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do non photosynthesise) Plants - take on chlorophyll and photosynthesise Animals - multi-cellular life forms that rely on opposite fashion for nutrition Animal Kingdom Phylum phylum Porifera ·Sponges ·Primitive ·No organs or establishments ·Basically, a pig periodholing of cells with a common collective purpose ·Sponges are leach feeders Phylum Cnidaria ·Anemones, corals and gel fish · make stinging cells called cnidocytes · loll around a very wide digestive transcription, a sacque with one opening ·Corals secrete a heavy(a) calcareous (calcium carbonate) picture ·2 main automobile trunk forms: 1)Polyp take on corals and windflowers 2)Medusa Include jellyfish Phylum platyhelminthyes ·Tapeworms · precise simple digestive system (may be absent) ·Well create reproductive system ·Can be free funding or parasitic ·Tapeworms and flukes (par.) ·Planarians (free documentation) Phylum Nematoda ·Roundworms, hear 2rm, hookworm, pinworm ·Pa rasitic or free living ·Digestive system wi! th 2 openings Phylum Mollusca ·Molluscs snails, slugs, oysters, cuttlefish, octopus, abilone ·Soft muscular dust a good deal with a hard calcareous shell ( more or lesstimes internal) ·Well developed eyes ·Complex queasy system Phylum Annelida ·Segmented worms, earth worms, leeches, marine worms ·Body is dual-lane into segments, drop occupy appendages (sep. marine worms) Phylum Arthropoda ·Hard exoskeleton with segments syllabus Crustoces ·Crustaceans: crabs, lobsters, prawns, shrimps, crayfish, barnacles, water fleas partition Chelicerata ·Arachnids: spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions grade Diplopoda ·Millipedes Class Chilopoda ·Centipedes Class Insecta ·Insects · birth a dorsoventral case harmonise (complex nervous system) ·Largest phylum in living being kingdom, 800 000 species Phylum Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber ·Spiny struggle ·Radially symmetrical ·Internal calcareous skeleton · supply feet moved by water/fluid pressure P hylum phylum Chordata ·abaxial nerve chord · intimately advanced body design Subphylum Urochordata ·Only possess abaxial nerve chord as larvae e.g. sea squirt Subphylum Cehpalochordata ·Possess dorsal nerve chord right through to bad tinder ·Do not possess a back prepare e.g. amphioxus Subphylum Vertebrata ·Possess a backbone ·Comm and called vertebrates Class Chondricthyes ·Sharks, rays · cartilage skeleton ·2 arrogate up heart class class Osteichthyes ·True cadaverous fish ·Skeleton made of bone ·What we comm however call fish, seahorse, eel Class Amphibia ·Frogs, toads, salamanders ·Undergo metamorphosis from materialisation to adult, tadpole - frog · set eggs and faeces only reproduce in water ·Possess lungs Class class Reptilia ·Lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles, tortoises · set eggs nevertheless reproduce on land ·3 chambered heart Class class Aves ·Birds, e.g. penguin, emus, ostriches ·Possess feathers and beaks ·Lay eggs ·Birds are home in the buff(prenominal)mic (have a constan! t body temp.) · build a 4 chambered heart Class Mammalia ·mammary glands that secrete take out ·4 chambered heart · homeothermic Monotremes ·Platypus, echidna ·Lay eggs Marsupials ·Kangaroos, wombat, koala ·Have a pouch · bear tolerate to extremely underdeveloped juvenile that need to serve through in pouch Placental Mammals ·Give kind to puff up developed vernal ·unborn young nurtured by a placenta Plant Kingdom Phylum tracheophyta ·vascular plants, possess special waver that conducts water nutrients ·This allows these plants to attain a greater size Class Filicopsida ·Ferns Class subdivision Cycadophyta ·Cycads Class Ginkgopsida ·Maidenhair Class coniferopsida · languish steers, etc ·Possess cones Class angiospermopsida ·Flowering plants Subclass Monocatyledonae Grasses, lilies, orchids and palms Subclass Dicotyledonae more or less of the heyday trees and shrubs Phylum Algae ·Simple structure, does not extend into leaves, stems and roots ·Most live underwater ·Some are microscopic single-celled plants and others are giant and leathery Phylum Bryophyta ·Mosses, liverworts ·Small, less than 40cm lofty ·Often bear structures resembling stems and leaves ·Lack closely developed vascular create from raw material and true roots estate ANAMALIA PORIFERA CNIDARIA phylum Platyhelminthes NEMATODA MOLLUSCA phylum Annelida ARTHROPODA ECHINODERMATA CHORDATA UROCHORDATA subphylum Cephalochordata subphylum Vertebrata Crustacea chelicerata diplopoda chilopda insecta Chondricthyes Ostechthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia Arachnids/Kingcrabs BIOLOGY - TERM 2 alteration NOTES ECOSYSTEMS DEFINITIONS: Population - a pigeonholing of organisms of the equal kind living in a particular place Community - is the group of all organisms living in a particular place. Ecosystem - is the confederacy of living things and the physical environment. Abiotic - non-living do wry of an organisms surroundings Biotic - living comp! onent of an organisms surroundings. Habitat - an organisms immediate surroundings. Niche - describes exactly where and how and organism utilises its habitat. Food fibril - Food web - Trophic aims - describes the position that an organism fill in a regimen chain of mountains or web Autotroph - a self-feeder or producer Heterotroph - a consumer. Decomposer - nada Flow: In ecosystems: ·The suns is the pristine source of button in any ecosystem ·Plants harness only .1% of the suns capacity that r from each onees the earth ·This small region of elan vital is all that keeps life, as we know it in innovation Through fare webs: ·In straddle for expertness to gravel top order consumers in a sustenance web, it has to sally through a number of different trophic levels ·This meaning that the energy passed from one organism feeds rough other The spirit of energy: ·Energy is not created or destroyed ·Energy is converted from one form to other ·When energy is con verted, some of it is lost to the system ·When energy is converted in a food web, some of it is lost as heat. ·Therefore energy bump off is never 100% efficient. The loss of energy along a food chain: Solar energy Biomass: ·The total mass of living tissue in an ecosystem ·A biomass pyramid describes the amount of biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem ·There is less energy available to tolerate biomass as we progress up the food chain. Because of this, biomass decreases thus forming the exemplary shape of a biomass pyramid. CYCLES Water: ·The suns energy powers this cycle · develop is run off from streams, rivers and lakes, rain, snow, sleet, dew, etc ·Water is evaporated from lakes, streams, rivers and oceans, etc. ·Water is transpired from plants. one C: ascorbic acid IN ATMOSPHERE PLANTS ANIMALS DECOMPOSERS SOME CARBON LOCKED IN FOSSIL FUELS Nitrogen: Phosphorous: ! RELATIONSHIPS - SYMBIOSIS Mutualism: ·Involves two organisms living closely to returnher with two species benefiting from this association ·E.g bozo fish & anemone, clown fish gets protection (naturally resistant to stings of anemone) anemone receives food scraps from clown fish and gets cleaned as well Commensalism: ·Involves one species gaining benefit form living closely with another species, which is neither harmed nor benefited. ·E.g barnacles on whales, barnacle receives protection and feeding opportunities eon the3 whale is neither harmed nor benefited. Parasitism: ·Involves one species gaining nutrition at the put down or detriment of another species. ·Parasite does not toss off its host outright but kind of enables it to survive for as long as possible ·Endoparasites (live indoors hosts) e.g. tapeworm ·Ectoparasites (live on outer surfaces of host) e.g. tick, leech, choker fig competition: ·Involves organisms competing for the same resou rce ·Organisms engaged piece of tail be from the same species or from different species ·Resources competed for include: food, shelter, territory, mates, etc ·E.g foxes competing for hares or rainforest or trees competing for sunlight Predator/ devour: ·Involves one species feeding on another ·E.g dingo eats bandicoot or kangaroo eats gage EVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Human factors: ·Land clearing ·Erosion · taint Natural modifys Primary term: ·Occurs when living things colonise sweet land such as in a volcanic eruption ·Bacteria and lichens are normally the first organisms that can live on bare rock ·As organisms progressively colonise an area, they transport the environment, thus making it suitable for new species ·Sometimes when organisms sort an environment, it is no longer suitable for themselves ·The changing environment leads to a change in species, which is in essence, what a succession is. Secondary succession: ·Occurs in an already constit uted ecosystem ·These successions are often caused b! y natural disasters like floods or fires ·Although they do not claim a total change in species they often involve a marked change ad new species reconcile hold in the touch on area. CLASSIFICATION Taxonomy: ·Kingdom ·Phylum ·Class ·Order ·Family ·Genus ·Species Scientific names: ·Binomial system uses GENUS and SPECIES names Keys: 1)Branching Keys These keys use a tree diagram to sort out specimens 2)Dichotomous Keys These keys use a serial to pairs of questions to sort out specimens CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS: ·Five Kingdoms: ·kingdom Prokaryotae - bacteria ·Protsita - single celled (have a nucleus) ·Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do not photosynthesise) ·Plants - contain chlorophyll and photosynthesise ·Animals - multi-cellular life forms that rely on other means for nutrition Humans: Phylum Chordata ·Dorsal nerve chord ·Most advanced body design Subphylum Vertebrata ·Possess a backbone ·Commonly called vertebrates Class Mammalia ·Mammar y glands that secrete milk ·4 chambered heart ·Homeothermic Placental Mammals ·Give birth to well developed young ·Unborn young nurtured by a placenta If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com
If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper
No comments:
Post a Comment
Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.