American Association of Advertising Agencies Essay

American Association of Advertising Agencies - Essay Example Primarily, the concept of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) blends the promotional tools of marketing so that they are able to perform in harmony with each other. Promotion is one of the ‘Ps’ in marketing mix and the tools when blended together, work optimally rather than in isolation. The integration is further augmented, beyond just communication when other levels of integration e.g. Data integration, internal and external integration and Vertical and Horizontal Integration is achieved. Horizontal Integration means that all the business functions of an organization are working in harmony with each other. For example, distribution, production, sales and finance departments should be conscious of the messages they deliver to the clients and must work in cohesion to achieve objectives of the business. Whereas, different departments like advertising and sales can fuse through data integration through marketing information system. On the other hand, Vertical Integra tion refers to the fact that communication and marketing aims must augment the higher organizational aims and objectives. Internal and External Integration are also very important components of Integrated Marketing Concept. Internal Integrations requires that all the employees of an organization are kept informed regarding strategic and tactical changes being implemented in the company. Moreover, they must be kept involved in the new developments from which the organization is undergoing, the new standards being set by the management and strategic partnership being envisaged. On the other hand, External Integration refers to a scheme in which all the external partners and stakeholders of the organization e.g. Public Relation agencies and Advertising blend seamlessly to provide a workable solution to the problems of the company. A lot of effort is required for Integrated Marketing Communications to deliver its desired benefits however, it can create a competitive advantage for the co mpany compared to an organization which uses traditional techniques for promotion and advertising. Through Integrated Marketing Communication, a company is able to develop a meaningful relationship with its customers through helping them through various stages of purchasing process. Thus, through Integrated Marketing Communication, an organization is able to retain its customers for life which gives it an edge over other companies. The organizations which utilize IMC concept are much more likely to yield profitability than the organizations which use traditional methods of communication. In fact, a unified message delivered by an organization is much more effective than a host of disjointed messages. A crystal clear and consolidated message is well received among the potential customers than myriad of commercials messages delivered every day. Integrated Marketing Communication can boosts sales of a company by disseminating a message which helps increase customers’ awareness a nd eases their choices. Company’s strategy to deliver timely information and special offers at the right time assists the customers in purchasing process. Finally, Integrated Marketing saves a lot of expenditure for the organizations as it reduces the need of duplication. Photography and graphics can be shared by various departments e.g. sales and advertising. This also reduces the time and workload on different section of the company as a single agency is responsible for all the communication needs. Ans4. An efficient channel of communication has to be selected by the communicator in order to get the desired results. In marketing practices, usually two types of communication channels are employed; personal and non-personal. Personal communication cha

Relationship between Science and Religion Essay Example for Free

Relationship between Science and Religion Essay The article â€Å"Relationship between Science and Religion† outlined the different relationships that the said two domains have had over the years. Historically, religion and science were viewed as strictly separate fields that could not be unified. This view is more popularly known as the conflict thesis . On the other hand, Stephen Jay Gould (1999, quoted in Wikipedia 2007) stated that the two fields could â€Å"co-exist peacefully† if they do not intervene with each other’s business. The article also enumerated different kinds of interactions between the two as presented by Polkinghorne (1998, quoted in Wikipedia 2007). Aside from the constant opposing views regarding the natural world or reality, Polkinghorne illustrated that religion and science may reach a common ground or may even be united with regard to a particular occurrence. After this, the article then went on discussing the early efforts of some religious groups to complement their doctrines with scientific facts. But of course, there were groups, particularly Islam that resisted the proliferation of science in what they believe as sectarian-dominated world. Inevitably, with the advancement of science and fast modernization of societies, there were new groups formed embodying beliefs apart from the fundamentalist view of religion. These groups range from the liberal Enlightenment advocates to non-fundamentalist sects such as Protestant Christian. There were even organizations formed that are not religiously affiliated but perform functions congruent to what religion usually does. Though there were new groups organized, some religion, which date back to ancient times claim that their dogma is capable in adjusting with scientific advancement and this has been actually used by them to explain their own theories toward the strengthening of their own beliefs. The last parts of the article list the varied point of views of scientists toward religion. Some view that religion and science are distinct from each other while others believe that the two could be unified. Others simply believe that the two fields share the same objectives in trying to provide explanation of the happenings in the environment they live in. And also, since religious beliefs are part of cosmos, they can be scientifically tested. Lastly, the article presented studies and findings on relevant issues being tackled. Since the article is not argumentative in nature, it is difficult to determine fallacious statements. The article did not clearly propose or suggest anything nor did it draw any conclusion. It was presented in a seemingly objective manner. I used the words â€Å"seemingly objective† because if one read the paper, it would be observed that the relationship between religion and science were clearly outlined without favoring any of the items. However, as one analyzed the pattern on how the article was written, the biases would be realized. The article enumerated four kinds of interaction between religion and science. However, as the article progresses, only the CONFLICT and INDEPENDENCE kinds of interaction were substantiated. The paper presented early efforts and manifestations of well-established, if not ancient, religious denominations to reconcile the two fields but it failed to elaborate on this matter. The article could have cited instances, findings or any on-going research wherein the two subject matters were integrated. Instead, the article highlighted some points in history when scientific advancements were sanctioned by religious authorities. Moreover, as if strengthening the idea that religion and science are irreconcilable, the article pointed out the formation of non-religious organizations. Though the article presented the â€Å"non-fundamentalist relationship views†, it fell short in showing that the sectarian side is attempting to make a world where they are both accommodated. For example, aside from mentioning the non-sectarian groups, it could have also stated some religious institutions that support scientific and technological development. The second bias that allude to the favoring of the separation of the two domains are the surveys showing that a higher percentage of scientists do not believe in any religious systems. How about presenting data on spiritual leaders who also uphold basic principles of science? Lastly, towards the end of the article, it showed findings on the â€Å"correlation between religiosity and intelligence†. Though this study didn’t categorically stated that those who observe holy practices and those who are strict believers of religious doctrines have low serotonin levels, it seems to create the stigma. If this line of thinking were continuously propagated, many would be discouraged to associate themselves with any religious beliefs. All the biases lean towards the implication that efforts to settle the differences between religion and science should be abandoned. This is what makes the article problematic. At first, the writing tried to present the relationship between the two in an objective way. But it failed because biases were evident. If the author had really wanted his output to be presented objectively, he should have shown the two sides of the coin. For example, he asserted the aggressive progression of science but mentioned only historic accounts on the side of religion. Also, he cited a list of studies disputing the validity of religious co-existence with science, but he again failed to mention the side of religion. Is religion also trying to draw a clear line against science or is it accepting the recent wonders of the latter? Since the author failed to be impartial in writing the article, he should have instead taken a clear-cut position on the issue so readers would be guided in the direction he’s driving at. Bibliography Greene, Perry (1997) Logical Fallacies [Internet], Available from: http://www. engl. niu. edu/wac/fallacies. html [Accessed 24 March 2007]. Johnson, George (1998) Science and Religion: Bridging the Great Divide. The New York Times Archives, [Internet], June 30, 1998 Available from: http://www. nytimes. com/library/national/science/063098sci-essay. html [Accessed 24 March 2007]. Raymo, Chet (1998) Skeptics and True Believers: The Exhilarating Connection Between Science and Religion. New York, Walker and Company. Relationship Between Religion and Science (2007) [Internet]. Available from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science#_note-3 [Accessed 24 March 2007]. Shelp, Earl Edward ed. (1985) Theology Bioethics Exploring the Foundations Frontiers II Series. Holland, D. Reidel Publishing Company.

Migraines Essay -- essays research papers

Migraine headaches are the result of a disturbance in the neurochemistry of the central nervous system. They are relatively common, affecting three times as many women as men. Migraine sufferers typically report a definite pattern to their headaches, and they can report what stimuli bring them on. Most migraine sufferers experience their first attack before the age of 20. There is no single cause of migraines, but the tendency to get migraines does tend to run in families. When a migraine occurs, it means that something has altered several of the neurotransmitter-sensitive receptors located on the outside surface of the nerve cells (neurons) so that the nervous system is no longer able to constantly maintain the natural balance that the nervous system is intended to maintain. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that nerve cells (neurons) use to communicate messages to each other. Receptors are special areas that receive these chemical messages. The key neurotransmitter in migraine is called serotonin (often referred to in the scientific literature as 5-HT or 5-hydroxytryptophan). If something interferes with the normal functioning (production, release, receptor docking, and/or re-uptake) of serotonin, that disrupts the normal functioning of the nervous system and can lead to various symptoms associated with migraine. The severe pain associated with migraine occurs when the mechanism that normally inhibits and/or mediates pain is disabled. There is no actual tissue damage occu...

Shopaholism Essay example -- Shopping Shop Buying Essays

Shopaholism I have fifty minutes before my exam will be over. Ten minutes have already passed and the only thing I've written so far is my name. I continue to stare at the black type and attempt to make sense of it all. Five minutes remaining and I quickly jot down my final thoughts. My time is up. Usually I would be excited to find out my exam score, but this time there was no use in knowing. I knew I failed. I decided not to attend the rest of my classes for the day and instead do what I usually do when I need to forget about my troubles and just escape into my own world where everything is perfect; go shopping. After my little excursion to the mall, I came back elated, with a bunch of shopping bags in my hands and a huge bill in my pocket. I find myself escaping reality through shopping quite often, but fortunately I do know my limits; however, there are many people who have formed an addiction to shopping. They're almost like alcoholics. Reasons for excessive shopping vary from wanting to keep up with friends or fashion to simply cheering oneself up. But dysfunctional shopping behavior can easily get out of control. Like alcoholism, notes Chicago psychoanalyst Robert Galatzer-Levy, compulsive shopping represents a case of "the ordinary pleasures of living getting out of hand." Just as nearly every alcoholic starts out as a social drinker, a shopping addict starts out as a recreational shopper -- bringing a little color into a gray day by picking up a pair (or three) of shoes. About 90 years ago, German psychologist, Emil Kraepelin defined excessive shopping as an illness, calling it "oniomania" after the Latin onos, or price, but only recently has this disorder begun to be understood. According to Observer Magazin... ...ed because at times I do go shopping to relieve stress and I do come back with lots of bags in my hands, but I don't own a credit card so I know my limits since I'm using cash. Now I wonder what will happen when I do get a credit card, but hopefully I'll be alright since I'm reducing my expenditure on unnecessary items already. I think if we recognize a problem in our spending habits at an early stage, then we can prevent falling victim to shopaholism, but if we continue to deny the problem and go on buying more and more for no apparent reason then the situation may get out of hand and treatment would be needed. Like binge eating or pathological gambling, shopaholism distorts our sense of self and if anyone feels as though he or she might be falling victim to this disorder then it is highly recommended that something is done immediately, before it becomes too late.

In the Lake of the Woods: Hypothesis Chapters

This chapter briefly states about the disappearance of Kathy, and what she could have been thinking of when In her â€Å"dermatome† phase. It also briefly outlines possible roads she could have taken, let it be with another man or simply Just fed up of her own life with John. This hypothesis demonstrates how profoundly hurt she was by politics and Johns selfish ways. Hypothesis Chapter 2: In this chapter the truth about John in Vietnam has come out, and Kathy is wondering what is with all of these secrets? And she really is starting to reevaluate their marriage o see if it could work. UT as she keeps thinking she starts to realize that they together for all the wrong reasons. This chapter also indicates the severity of their marriage as In a sense John blackmails Kathy Into not bringing up past events, which then seems to the reader as a way of him standing over her and having power over her. The point of the hypothesis chapter Is to Illustrate key reasons for Kitty's disappea rance and to see how inauthentic their marriage was. Hypothesis Chapter 3: This chapter describes the possibility that Kathy took a boat ride to clear her mind, ND during that ride, hit a sandbar and drowned.This is a key chapter as it hypothesis Kathy taking mental notes of what she felt needed to change, indicating she was ready to reform her relationship with John. Hypothesis Chapter 4: Chapter 18 suggests that Kathy disappearance Is one of human error. By miscalculating her trajectory, Kathy has lost hope of returning In the correct direction. It Is In this chapter that we discover more about Kathy sense of self- reliance as well as her affair with Harmon, her dentist, and the deep-seated guilt she till feels.Hypothesis Chapter 5: Lost within the wilderness, Kathy travels on a boat away from the burning cottage. It is alluded to that she has set â€Å"the fire† alight and left to simply escape the life she has with John. Furthermore, inside the â€Å"glittery' â€Å"lux ury and bliss† of a casino, this chapter conveys Kathy prior experiences with Tony and her innermost feelings at that particular moment In time. It adds to our understanding of John and Kathy relationship, and the depth of Tony's character and attitude. Hypothesis Chapter 6:By illustrating Kitty's personal conflicts, O'Brien explores her potential suicide. This values and â€Å"withheld intimacies†. Within her â€Å"decayed marriage† â€Å"the idea of happiness† is Kathy ultimate desire, as her suicide is expressed to be â€Å"a dark calm† from â€Å"the waning of energy'. Hypothesis Chapter 7: In chapter 27 it is hypothesized that John burnt Kathy with boiling water and then took her out on the boat on the lake and dumped her body in the lake. John then decides to â€Å"Join her for a while† as he feels â€Å"an underwater rush in his ears. He sakes up in bed and reaches â€Å"out for Kathy' but she â€Å"wasn't there. † Hypothesis Chapter 8: In this chapter, it questions all the hypothesis and states that no one â€Å"will ever know. † When John is mentioned, he switches out from John to Sorcerer and then back again. John does not know his true identity and he never did. Paragraph: O'Brien illustrates the inauthentic relationship of John and Kathy through his need for â€Å"absolute, unconditional love†. Their lack of communication led to the couple's mistrust towards each other because â€Å"they never communicated, never made love†.This was due to the fact John â€Å"was a dreamer† and constantly withdrawn from emotional situations. We see actions like these taken by John being attributed to this persona which demonstrates how separated John truly is from his physical presence in the world. His experiences with gliding and the â€Å"sorcerer† identity stay with him just like the mirror and the magic from his childhood and continue to shape his experiences with the world. Just like John's mirrors, Kathy disappearances prove to be her way of escaping the controlling ways of John, as Kathy â€Å"†¦ Get[s] this creepy leaning, like [his] always there†.O'Brien does this as a way of displaying John's uncanny need for affection. When John feels able enough to tell Kathy of his plans for the future, Kathy tells him that his plans feel calculated and manipulative, John is â€Å"assailed by the sudden fear of losing her, of bungling thing. † John still views his relationship as things to be rigged rather than nurtured. This is how he attempts to retain power and control of the situation. Riddled with doubts and insecurities on the outside, strangled with shame and secrets on the inside, John was incapable of expressing himself to others.O'Brien purposely added the scene where Kathy has an abortion as a metaphor for John denying Kathy needs throughout the course of the relationship. This is seen in parallel with John's desire to be something more than he already is; a better lover and a more courageous man. When the illusion is shattered and he has lost everything, including his wife, John actually begins to find some clarity. He realizes that inventing a new self was impossible, that he â€Å"never should have given the bucking show in the first place. †

10 Analysis Essay Topics on the Archeological Record

10 Analysis Essay Topics on the Archeological Record While the field of archaeology can sometimes feel bone dry and difficult to write about, you’d be surprised how many interesting things there are to say about the archaeological record. With a little help on which facts to include in your essay writing, you’ll be inspired in no time. In this first guide, we include ten facts on the archaeological record that could be incorporated into an analysis essay, as well as the sources from which these facts are drawn. An essay is only as strong as the facts that it incorporates, so by using this guide you’ll be well on your way to an effective analysis essay. Our second guide outlines 20 topics for an analysis essay on the archaeological record, giving you ideas for how to weave together the facts included below. We also provide a sample essay on the archaeological record in order for you to see a model of how these different topics could be organized into a full analysis essay. Our third and final guide provides a set of instructions and tips for creating an analysis essay on the archaeological record. With help on the actual academic structure of your analysis essay, producing an outline and a full-length essay will come much more easily. So let’s get started! Here are ten verified facts on the archaeological record. The archaeological record includes anything that people have created or modified. This record is used in order to study past cultures and recreate to the best of our ability the lives that people lived in those past cultures and the conditions in which they lived those lives. The knowledge gained from studying the archaeological record gives us the opportunity to appreciate, preserve, and collectively share our common human heritage. The archaeological record, generally speaking, consists of the artifacts, residues, and other general remains of past cultures that have been discovered by archaeologists. More specifically, as is noted by famed archaeology professor Brian Fagan,2 the archaeological record often consists of those things that have been discarded or otherwise abandoned: garbage, scraps, litter, and anything that has been worn out, broken down, or left. Those things that were prized and used heavily often leave no remains. Archaeology attempts to discover past human culture. This refers to the characteristics specific to a particular civilization at a particular time, including the behaviors, beliefs, norms, and living style of that specific social group. The archaeological record cannot discover this directly, and instead represents what is called material culture.1 The material culture of a particular people group, in the absence of written language, is the best approximation we have of the culture of past human societies. As described in a 2013 book by professor Gavin Lucas called Understanding the Archaeological Record,3 there is currently a theoretical divide on how we should consider the truthfulness of the archaeological record. On one side sit the so-called â€Å"naà ¯ve empiricists,† who claim that the archaeological record is constituted purely by those things that have remained from past cultures and is truth given to archaeologists to discover. On the other side sit the â€Å"social constructivists,† who claim that that the archaeological record is a construction that archaeologists have created that may not necessarily represent the truth. As mentioned above, the archaeological record is generally defined as the historical legacy of those material things that people have acted upon. However, as argued in an article by Michael Water and David Kuehn,4 the archaeological record is also shaped by the same forces that act upon the landscape itself. Processes like erosion, severe weather, plate tectonics, natural disasters, and many other geological forces are constantly at work on the information preserved in the archaeological record. The archaeological record is always suspect to contamination and vandalism, whether intentional or accidental. According to an article published online,5 in various Middle Eastern countries it is becoming common practice to loot historically relevant sites and sell those items that are found for profit. Professional looters in the Americas are often referred to as â€Å"pot hunters.† Vandals who take pleasure in destroying valuable things are also in part responsible for the destruction of parts of the archaeological record. As described above, archaeology is best described as the study of the archaeological record. Therefore, any occupation dedicated to understanding the archaeological record falls under the professional heading of â€Å"archaeology.† However, in a quasi-experimental study published by archaeologist Ryan Sneiderman,6 it was demonstrated that a large percentage of people do not understand what archaeologists do, associating their work with fictional characters such as Indiana Jones. Addressing the idea that professional archaeologists do not live the life that characters like Indiana Jones portray in the movies, researchers Amy Ollendorf and Ian Burrow published a review of demographic information on professional archaeologists who joined the Register of Professional Archaeologists.7 Their results demonstrated that Registered Professional Archaeologists granted licensure from the years 2010-2012 included individuals from over 60 different fields of study, and were employed in a variety of different professions falling under the broad categories of private, academic, and government cultural resource management. Given the fragility of the archaeological record described above, archaeologists actively work towards ensuring the safety and preservation of sites that hold parts of the archaeological record. In a 2000 article, William Lipe,8 an anthropologist at Washington State University, argued that the conservation of major archaeological sites is necessary to prevent the illegal excavation and misappropriation of antiquities. Lipe argued that laws and governing bodies should be put in place to balance the economic interests that incentivize the destruction of sites central to the archaeological record. The artifacts and materials that represent the archaeological record differ widely on their age, location, size, and state of preservation. Different branches of archaeology are necessary for dealing with different parts of the archaeological record. Each branch may utilize different research techniques, may take interest in different time periods, and may represent different groups of scholars and archaeology professionals. These branches include prehistoric archaeologists, historical archaeologists, industrial archaeologists, ethno archaeologists, environmental archaeologists, experimental archaeologists, underwater archaeologists, and other branches defined by a particular time period.1 We hope these facts help you nail your assignment. Make sure to also check our guide on how to write an analysis essay on the archaeological record. References: Education Department, AIA (n.d.). Archaeology 101. Retrieved October 30, 2016, from https://www.archaeological.org/pdfs/education/Arch101.2.pdf Fagan, B. M. (1994).  Quest for the Past: Great Discoveries in Archaeology. Waveland Press Inc. Lucas, Gavin. (2012). Understanding the Archaelogical Record. Cambridge University Press. Waters, M. R., Kuehn, D. D. (1996). The Geoarchaeology of Place: The Effect of Geological Processes on the Preservation and Interpretation of the Archaeological Record.  American Antiquity, 483-497. Ojibwa, B. (2015, January 11). The Archaeological Record. Retrieved October 31, 2016, from dailykos.com/story/2015/11/1/1443070/-The-Archaeological-Record Seidemann, R. M. (2013). Maybe Indiana Jones Isn’t So Bad After All.  SAA Archaeological Record, 23. Ollendorf, A. L., Burrow, I. C. (2013). The Register of Professional Archaologists.  SAA Archaeological record, 40. Lipe, William D. (2000). Conserving the In Situ Archaeological Record. Conservation: The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter 15(1):17-20.

Determining the Paleoenviroment and Tectonic History of a Small Area †geology (400 Level Course)

Determining the Paleoenviroment and Tectonic History of a Small Area – geology (400 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Geology Coursework: Determining the paleoenviroment and tectonic history of a small area (Cocklawburn Beach) Planning In this coursework I am going to try and find the tectonic history and paleoenviroment of an area of exposed rocks along a short section of beach in Northumberland, Cocklawburn beach is 50 metres to the south of Berwick-upon-tweed and can be found on OS map sheet 75. The general geology of the area is that it is mostly carboniferous limestone with layers of sandstone, shale and coal existing between the layers of limestone. I know this from previous experience in the area, as I have completed a sedimentary log for another section of rock in the same area, at Cullernose Point For the paleoenviroment I am going to look at and analyse the rock type. I will check the rocks for structures and fossils as they can be used to determine the absolute age of the rocks and they can also be used to check if the rocks have been shifted or if they have been moved upside down. The first thing that I shall investigate with respect to paleoenviroment is the relative age of the rocks. For the tectonic history I shall investigate the Dip and Strike of the rocks, as this will show the attitude of the rocks relative to the horizon and it will show if any tectonic activity has shifted the rocks, and also if there are any major igneous structures (Bowls ect) I shall look for any displacement in the rocks as this will show if there have been any faults in the area that have affected the rocks in the past. Using all of this information together I intend to construct a sedimentary log that will definitively show the history of this small area. To help me find this information I wi ll use my own observations, as well as secondary sources such as the Internet and geology reference books (see bibliography) I think that I am most likely to find Sedimentary rocks that will be in recurring cyclotherms containing a lot of fossils and other structures, and that have also been affected by a lot of faulting and folding. To collect the data for the items I have outlined above, I will go to the beach and construct a sedimentary log. I have already tested this method on another beach in the same area as Cocklawburn beach, at a area called Cullernose point This log will encompass most of the data that I will need to collect, however I will also have a Field Notebook, which I will use to sketch out the layers or rock and also to sketch any structures that are found on the beach, this will be used so I can identify which type of fossils and what special features were present in the layers of rock. To fill in the above logging sheet I will use the following equipment. To find the grain size of the rocks, I will examine the rock with a hand lens and compare what I see to a grain size index card provided by my teacher, I will do this to find the energy of the transport medium at the time of deposition, this card will also to be used to checked the sorting of the rock, which will show the rate of deposition. I will look for any fossils in the rock, as they will help to show if there are any special environmental conditions in the area during that time of disposition. I will also use evidence of any sedimentary structures to determine the env ironment of deposition. I will also examine the colour of the rocks to try and determine the mineral and oxygen content, as this can be used to try and determine the paleoenviroment of the area at the time that the sediment was deposited that formed the rock layers. I will look for evidence of dip and strike by using clinometers to find the dip angle and using a clinometers and a ruler to find the strike, I will do this so that I can accurately show any tectonic features in the area, and so that I can form a hypothesis about what forces have acted on the area in the past. I will look for evidence of folding and faulting, as they will show if there have been any compression or tension forces acting on the rock, and also the direction that the forces were coming from. To test these methods I have constructed a short sedimentary log of beach called Cullernose point, which is near Cocklawburn beach, I have found that these methods work in the field and I do not intend to change any of the methods used. The limits of my investigation if that I can not check any rocks that are underground, so I will not be able to find the thickness of some beds, if I can not see the base. Implementing In this section I will record the results that I have found from my fieldwork, I will use sedimentary logging, charts and graphs to shows the information that I have gathered. The first item that I am going to show is the most important, as the sedimentary log shows most of the information that I have gathered on the trip that will be useful in a clear way Analysing evidence and drawing conclusions From the sedimentary logging sheet there is a obvious pattern in the rock layers, which clearly show the recurring cyclotherms, I believe that I was caused by differing sea levels at the time of deposition, for example, if the cyclotherms that is composed of bed 1-5 is examined, then the pattern is: 1: Limestone – Deep Sea where dead creatures decomposed to form limestone layers 2-3: Silt – Shallowing seas mean layers are formed by fine sediment being deposited from the closing landmasses 4: Sandstone – As the sea gets shallower then the size of the sediment that is deposited increases steadily, meaning layers 2-4 have evidence of graded bedding that goes with the increasing size. 5: Coal – as the sea becomes a swamp or maybe even low land, trees fall in and coal is deposited as a top layer of the cyclotherms. After bed 5 the process begins again with a limestone layer at bed 6 to 10. This pattern recurs along the beach. Throughout these layers fossils and sedimentary features are in evidence, these fossils are mostly Crinoids, with Brachiopods scattered throughout, sedimentary features in evidence throughout the beds are graded bedding, and ripples which shows evidence of sea currents as the seas became shallower. A lot of the beds also contain ironstone nodules. Below is an analysis of each bed found on the beach, this data has been taken from the sedimentary log I produced in the field. Bed 1: This bed has a thickness of at least 3 metres, I say at least because the bottom of the bed is below the beach and cannot be seen. It is composed of limestone with a shale layer about halfway up the visible area, however this layer is not discernable enough to count as a separate bed. The composition is fine sand, with silt in the shale layer; there is evidence of paleocurrents from the south in this bed. The colour is grey at the bottom but the top is muddy and browner. Brachiopods and crinoids were found in this layer. This evidence seems to show that this layer was in deep sea, with a lowering of sea levels causing the shale layer in the middle, and then sea levels falling at the end of the bed, causing the muddy area at the top of the bed. The marks on this bed (see to the right of the marker) These marks are from the remains of a colonial coral, which would have lived on the rock, and would have been fossilised when it died This picture shows the solitary corals (the ring shapes) and the brachiopod fossils that were found in bed 1. As these creatures could only live in a very low energy environment this shows that the rock was formed in a deep sea where there were only low energy currents. Bed 2: This bed has a thickness of 2.5 metres. Its composition is clay and it shows evidence of ripples, there are no paleocurrents visible in this layer. The layer is black in colour, and there were brachiopods found in the layer as well. This layer was very soft and unstable, and it could be broken off easily with hands. This layer will have been formed as the sea levels fell and fine sediment from the land will have been deposited on the sea floor. Bed 3: This bed has a thickness of 4 metres. It is composed of siltstone interbedded with mud, the grain size is silt and there are alternating paleocurrents, with south at the bottom and north facing at the top of the bed. There is a lot of cross bedding in this layer and there are also ironstone concretions throughout it. There are load casts at the top of the bed, which is brown in colour. This bed will have been formed as the sea levels fell even more, which would let larger sediment pieces fall and be deposited on it, as there would have been less time for it to be eroded into smaller particles. This is a picture of the loads casts that can be seen in the top of bed 3. These are formed when a section of the above rock falls away into the mud beneath, when the rock below fossilises the other rock is left as a fragment, called a load cast. Bed 4: This bed on only 1 metre thick. This bed is grey and is composed of fine sand sized particles. This bed shows evidence of fossilized roots embedded in the top of the bed. This composition of this bed is known as â€Å"sea turf† and is formed from deposition on a very shallow sea; the roots are from plants that have rooted into the land while it is still underwater. Bed 5: Bed 5 was not thick enough to measure accurately. It is a layer of clay sized grains, and is coal. This is the end of the first cyclotherms in the beds, as can be seen from the cycle limestone -> coal. This layer would have been formed in a shallow swamp, with very little water movement. As plants and other matter died and fell into the water, it would have decayed very slowly and been formed into coal. This picture shows bed 3, 4, 5 and 6, note how thin bed 5 is in relation to the other beds, this shows that the area did not stay as a swamp for very long Bed 6: This bed is 1 metre thick. It is fine sand sized particles and is composed of grey limestone, this fizzes with dilute HCl, and there is evidence of crinoids and trace fossils in the bed. This bed shows a return to deep water, as there are now hardly any sediment deposition, and an increase in carbon deposition leading to the formation of limestone and the fossils. Bed 7:This bed is 1.5 metres thick, it has clay-sized particles. This bed is composed of mudstone and is black in colour. There is a lot of ironstone nodules spread throughout this bed. It is soft and comes apart easily in the hand. There is also evidence of lamination in this bed, which will have been caused by uneven deposition rates over the years in which this bed was formed. This bed will have been formed like bed two, with a shallowing sea leading to a fine sediment deposition Bed 8: This bed has a thickness of 1.5 metres. It is composed of silt size particles and is siltstone, it is grey. This bed is interbedded with shale and there are iron stone concretions throughout it. This bed shows numerous fossils, with Trace fossils roots and also a lot of sedimentary features, such as cross lamination and normal laminations, these will have been formed due to different current directions and also due to different amounts of deposition during the years the bed was formed. This bed will have been formed in a very shallow sea, as there is evidence of fossilised roots at the top of the bed. This picture was taken from the top of the 6th bed, and shows bed 7 and 8 on top of it. Note how much bed 8 has eroded. Bed 9: This bed is .5 metres thick. It is composed of fine sand particles and is sandstone. This bed is grey in colour and shows evidence of lamination and root fossils. Once again these will have been formed by plants rooting in the very shallow water of the area. Bed 10: This is the end of the second cyclotherms, as this is a coal layer, once again it is too thin to be accurately measured. This will also have been formed in a shallow stagnant swamp. Bed 11: This bed has a thickness of 1 metre. It has silt-sized particles and is clay. The only feature shown by this bed is lamination; there were no visible fossils or any of features in this bed. Bed 12: This bed has a thickness of 2 metres. It is composed of medium sand grained particles and is sandstone. This bed is interspread with layers of silt. This layer is laminated, it also has asymmetrical ripples, formed when the currents affecting the bed shifted, there are also trace fossils. This bed has been formed due to shallower seas, but as the next bed is composed of clay, the cyclotherms pattern has been interrupted, so there must have been an unconformity to break this cycle. This picture shows bed 8 from further along the beach, and also bed 9, bed 10 and bed 11 Bed 13: This layer is .5 metres thick. It is composed of silt-sized particles and is clay. It is black and shows cross lamination, formed by shifting currents and irregular deposition. As I have mentioned above, if this bed followed the normal cyclotherms cycle shown in the beds below it, this bed would be composed of sea turf or perhaps even a layer of coal, however as this bed is finer grained than the one below, which suggests a deepening of the sea, then either a unknown element changed the area at this time or a unconformity has altered the bedding pattern. Bed 14: This bed is .5 metres thick. Its is a medium grained sandstone. It is grey and shows evidence of laminations across the bed. It is black, this layer, and the layer above it (15) shows that the sea was shallowing, and that the pattern shown in the 2 preceding cyclotherms is reasserting itself. This picture shows bed 11, bed 12, bed 13, bed 14 and bed 15 Bed 15: This bed is near identical to the one above it, it is .5 metres thick, grey and shows lamination, however this one has shale layers interspread in between it, so I have marked it as a separate layer from the pure sandstone layer underneath it. This photo shows the top of bed 16, Bed 17, bed 18, Bed 19 and bed 20. It also shows bed 21-23, but these beds are hard to see on this photo, so I will show them on another photo further down the list Bed 16:This bed is 2 metres thick. It is sandstone and has medium sand particles. This bed had very poor bedding and had a lot of roots throughout the whole bed. The poor bedding could have been caused from changes in deposition over the years. There were also trace fossils and ironstone nodules found in this bed. This bed was formed once again, as sea levels got shallower Bed 17: This bed is 1 metre thick. This bed has silt-sized particles and is siltstone. This bed has a lot of roots throughout it. This bed was probably soil that formed when the sea lowered so much that there was actually land there where the sea was. Bed 18: Bed 18 is the third coal layer in the log. As the layer above it was formed in land, then the seas must have returned to form a stagnant swamp that allows coal to form. Bed 19: This bed is 2.5 metres thick, it is composed of clay particles, and there are root casts and ironstone nodules in this layer. This layer could have been formed either by a return to deep-sea conditions, which I think is unlikely, or as a very thick layer of soil as the sea stayed either very shallow or went to land for a long time. Bed 20: This is another coal layer. This layer makes it appear that the sea did not return to a true deep sea for a very long time after bed 18, but stayed as a shallow area or a swamp for a long period of time. Bed 21: This is a very thin layer of clay sized mudstone, this forms in-between two layers of coal, which supports my theory that this was a land area for a very long time before it returned to the sea, this can be shown by the fact that there is not any fossils or sedimentary features in the area to show evidence of currents of animals. This photo shows bed 21, bed 22, bed 23 and bed 24. I have used this photo to show bed 21-23 as it is clearer Bed 22: This coal layer has formed very close to another coal layer, which shows that the area stayed as a swampy land for a long time. Bed 23:This is a layer of fine-grained sandstone. It is 1.25 metres thick and has evidence of calcite deposits; these were probably formed as calcite formed round particles of mud or clay. Bed 24: This bed is 1.25 metres thick. It has medium sand sized particles, but it is a sandy limestone. This bed shows a return to relatively deep-sea characteristics, but with a high sediment deposition, which suggest a large land mass may have formed nearby. Crinoids are also in this bed, which suggests a deep sea, as the low energy environment would not break them up as it does in a high current environment. This photo shows bed 25, bed 26 and bed 27. Unfortunately, I do not have a photo of bed 28. Bed 25: This is a .5 metre thin bed of medium sandstone. This bed has ironstone deposits and root casts, and seems to indicate that the sea that was in the area was shallowing. Bed 26: This bed has an unknown thickness and an unknown rock type, it was eroded and no information could be gathered about it. Bed 27: This is another coal layer, however no thickness information could be found because the base of the layer could not be seen. Bed 28: This bed has no thickness information, as once again, the base could not be seen. This bed is limestone, and shows that the area has returned to deep-sea conditions. This is reinforced by the crinoids and brachiopod fossils that were found in the area Overall: In total the layers that I logged came to about 38 metres, and spanned about 100 metres of beach across, there only appears to be 3 complete cyclotherms, although there are a few that appear to have been disrupted by tectonic activity. The cyclotherms present in the rock show that the past history of the area was repeating, over millions of years. This means that the area has gone from sea to swamp or possibly even land, and then reverted to sea again. The most obvious cyclotherms is present in bed 1-5, as it shows the formation of sandy limestone’s, representing deep sea environments, which is further reinforced by the fossils of crinoids and brachiopods found in it, all the way through finer layers until bed 5, which is a coal layer formed by decaying plant matter in anaerobic conditions. Tectonic History The tectonic history of the area can be shown by checking the dip and strike of the rocks and plotting a diagram that will show the direction, I have used a rose diagram with degrees around the edge to find where the forces came from. The diagram shows that the main force in the area came from the northeast; this is confirmed by the dip, which is northeast/southwest, and the strike, which is roughly south east/northwest. This is backed up by the asymmetrical anticline seen at location 1 on the base map; this anticline had been pushed inwards from the northeast so that it formed a hump-backed appearance facing northeast. It is also shown by the plunging folds fold at location 2 on the base map, as the dip and strike measurements shown there are in alignment, and the folds run northeast/southwest. This evidence shows that there has been a major force acting on the coast in the past, forming these features, and that it was acting in a northeast/southwest direction, with more force from the northeast. This hypothesis is backed up by the evidence that I have collected on my sedimentary log. This is a photo of the asymmetrical fold that was at location one on the base map. Note the thrust which pushes one side of the fold over, the right side of this photo is the north-east. This photo shows the folding that has occurred in the first bed on the log. Once again, the right side of this photo is pointing to the north east, which shows the tectonic forces to be northeast/southwest Evaluating Evidence and Procedures I think that the techniques used to collect this data was the most reliable ones that I could use practically in the field. However, I have noted the limitations of the techniques that I have used. The sedimentary log only shows features which can be seen on the surface on the rock, there could have been fossils or features buried in the rock, which I cannot include in my study. The dip and strike measurements that I have taken, as well as the measurements for the thickness of the beds can only be as accurate as the things I used to measure them. This means there will be an error built in to the measurements, as well as human error. The statistical analysis techniques that I have used could also contain error (the rose diagram), however, I believe that have minimised the error by making measurements as accurate I could in the field. I believe that the conclusions I have drawn from the evidence I have collected is true, however there could have been forces at work that I was not aware of, and some of my conclusions could be wrong due to this fact. Research Papers on Determining the Paleoenviroment and Tectonic History of a Small Area - geology (400 Level Course)Where Wild and West MeetTrailblazing by Eric AndersonResearch Process Part OneUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

EFL Worksheets for Conditional Forms

ESL/EFL Worksheets for Conditional Forms Here is a quick review of the first and second conditional forms. Both first and second conditionals  are used to imagine situations in the present or future. In general, the first conditional, or real conditional is used to express what will happen if a certain event takes place in the present or future. It is called the real conditional because it refers to situations which are truly possible. First/Real Conditional If Subject Present Simple (positive or negative) Objects, Subject Future with Will (positive or negative) Objects Examples: If he finishes the work on time, we will play a round of golf this afternoon.If the meeting is successful, we will become partners with Smith and Co. Unless can be used in the first conditional to mean if not. Examples: Unless he hurries up, we will be late.Unless it rains, we wont get wet. The if clause can also be placed at the end of the sentence. In this case, no comma is required. Examples: They will be very happy if he passes the exam.Jane will marry Tom if he asks her tonight. Second/Unreal Conditional The second  or unreal conditional is used to speculate about things that are impossible or improbable. If Subject Past Simple (positive or negative) Objects, Subject Would Verb (positive or negative) Objects Examples: If he won the lottery, he would buy a new home.If they were happy, theyd have more fun. Were is used for all subjects. Some universities such as Cambridge University also accept was as being correct. Others expect were for all subjects. Examples: If I were you, Id buy a new car.If she were American, she could remain in the country. The if clause can also be placed at the end of the sentence. In this case, no comma is required. Examples: They would be rich if he were to invent a new type of battery.Angela would be proud of her son got straight As at school. Conditional 1 Worksheet Conjugate the verb in parentheses in the correct tense used in the first conditional. If Mary _____ (have) enough money, shell come with us on vacation.I _____ (make) some coffee if you boil some water.If you _____ (work) hard, youll finish the project on time.Unless he _____ (be) late, well meet at six oclock.If I tell you a secret, ______ (you promise) not to tell anyone?She _____ (not attend) unless he makes the presentation.If Joe cooks dinner, I _____ (make) dessert.Jane _____ (play) the violin if you ask her nicely.Our children wont eat vegetables if they _____ (not have) orange juice.If David _____ (not be) late, we will make the decision soon. Conditional 2 Worksheet Conjugate the verb in parentheses in the correct tense used in the second conditional. If he _____ (work) more, he would finish on time.They would do well on the test if they _____ (study) more.If I _____ (be) you, I would run for president!Mary _____ (buy) a new jacket if she had enough money.If Jason flew to New York, he _____ (visit) the Empire State Building.We _____ (take) a break, if our boss werent so nervous today.If Sally _____ (go), she wouldnt return!Alan wouldnt know if you _____ (ask) him.Jennifer _____ (refer) you for the position if she thought you were qualified.Alison wouldnt help them if they _____ (not ask) for help. Conditionals 1 2 Mixed Worksheet Conjugate the verb in parentheses in the correct tense used in the first or second conditional. If she knows the time, she _____ (come) to the meeting.She _____ (attend) the meeting if she had the time.Peter _____ (say) yes if you ask him.Unless he _____ (finish) soon, we wont be able to come.If he _____ (be) president, he would invest more in education.What _____ (you do) if you were president?She _____ (fly) Northwest Airlines if she has a choice.If I _____ (think) I could do it, I would do it!Alan would invite Mary if it _____ (be) his party.She wont marry Peter if he _____ (ask) her. Conditional 1 Worksheet Answers Conjugate the verb in parentheses in the correct tense used in the first conditional. If Mary  has  enough money, shell come with us on vacation.I  will make  some coffee if you boil some water.If you  work  hard, youll finish the project on time.Unless he  is  late, well meet at six oclock.If I tell you a secret,  will you promise  not to tell anyone?She  wont attend  unless he makes the presentation.If Joe cooks dinner, I  will make  dessert.Jane  will play  the violin if you ask her nicely.Our children wont eat vegetables if they  dont have  orange juice.If David  isnt  late, we will make the decision soon. Conditional 2 Worksheet Answers Conjugate the verb in parentheses in the correct tense used in the second conditional. If he  worked  more, he would finish on time.They would do well on the test if they  studied  more.If I  were  you, I would run for president!Mary  would buy  a new jacket if she had enough money.If Jason flew to New York, he  would visit  the Empire State Building.We  would take  a break, if our boss werent so nervous today.If Sally  went, she wouldnt return!Alan wouldnt know if you  asked  him.Jennifer  would refer  you for the position if she thought you were qualified.Alison wouldnt help them if they  didnt ask  for help. Conditionals 1 2 Mixed Worksheet Answers Conjugate the verb in parentheses in the correct tense used in the first or second conditional. If she knows the time, she  will come  to the meeting.She  would attend  the meeting if she had the time.Peter  will say  yes if you ask him.Unless he  finishes  soon, we wont be able to come.If he  were  president, he would invest more in education.What  would you do  if you were president?She  will fly  Northwest Airlines if she has a choice.If I  thought  I could do it, I would do it!Alan would invite Mary if it  were  his party.She wont marry Peter if he  asks  her.

Jourmal of Asian Pacific Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jourmal of Asian Pacific Communication - Essay Example How did the authors go about investigating the issue? The research questions were used to investigate the issues of study such as whether there are any significant differences in communication styles used by native speakers of American English and native speakers of East Asian languages in homogeneous groups and whether East Asian speakers of similar language proficiency exhibit the same communication patterns in heterogeneous and homogenous teams. In order to analyze the situation, various categories such as turns, words, overlaps, back channels and latching were used. What were the main findings? It was found that when working in homogenous groups, both cultural groups exhibits similar interaction and their participation was very similar. East Asians acquire shorter turns and Americans took longer turns; in addition, East Asians showed higher rates of latching compared to Americans. Make at least five (5) suggestions as to how this article might be improved. The article uses only a few variables to discuss the interactive approach, more variables can be used to provide a deep discussion on the communicative patterns. Additional study is needed to explore the cultural differences affecting the performance of groups. This study uses only a small sample data; a larger data sample would provide stronger results. If the article emphasis the decision making of students group in decision making, it will be more easily understandable for this study. Further study is needed to argue the reason of silencing result of non native speakers of mixed groups. Section-2- Self Reflection Assessment: Introduction: We had a MMH299 unit to explain about Business Communication. The objective of this unit is to expand knowledge of the nature of business communication, and provide the necessary tools and skills to help in improving the productivity in an organization. With participation in the unit, it was a completely different experience for me to gain knowledge about various aspe cts of business communication. It was, in fact, exciting to see that how an easy thing like communication was not simple at all as I have learned before. Communication is the part and parcel of our life. But I was ignorant of the wide areas of business communication. I have learned the theories of business communication through this unit. Business communication is very essential in an organization to improve the productivity and achieve the objectives. Tasks: We have undertaken various tasks on weekly in order to get a better overview of the topic. The task included explaining about the theory and History of Business Communication, workshop on Meetings Online and Technology, Teamwork, Oral and online presentations, Writing reports, Dealing with Conflict and Negotiation, providing a view on behavioral Protocols and Ethical Communication, Intercultural communication, emotion, Communication and Gender issues. Learning activities: The tasks started with the description of the theory and history of business communication. I have learned that the most significant thing in communication is to hear what is not being told. Communication theories were originated in twentieth century. Communication â€Å"is the very means by which we produce our personal relationships and professional experiences†

Yamaha Marketing Channels Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Yamaha Marketing Channels - Research Paper Example When the Company started, it manufactured auto parts, scooters, sewing machines and even three wheeled motors. However, due to the stiff competition from other manufacturers of these machines, the Yamaha Company specialized on the production of motorcycle. In the year 1954, the first model of Yamaha motorbike (YA-1) was complete. After a rigorous road test of the this motorbike, the founders of Yamaha Company built a factory too start the mass manufacturing of the YA-1 motorbike at a place called Nipon Gakki. On first of July 1955, the Yamaha Motor Co., LTD was founded. During that year, the Company had over 270 who were able to manufacture 200 YA-1 motorcycles in one month. This fast growth influenced the company to engage its motor cycles into the two top races in Japan; the Asma Highlands race and the Fuji mountain race. In the year 1956, the Company came up with another model; the YC1, followed by YD-1 in the year 1957. Two year after Yamaha’s engagement in motorbike races , they made a step into the International racing in the year 1958. They finished in the sixth position in the Catalina Grand Prix, and became the first Japanese motorbike to compete in an International race. The participation of Yamaha in the Catalina grand Prix gave this brand an international recognition, since many people worldwide began appreciating the Yamaha technology, especially in the USA (Smokie, 2013). That same year, the Company began marketing their own machines independently in the United States of America. Two years later after this venture, an American motor Company, The Cooper Motors, started selling the YD-1 and the MF-1 bikes from the Yamaha Motor Co., LTD. This continued up to the year 1960, when the Yamaha International Company begun advertising motorcycles in the United States of America through merchants. Having explored the motorcycle market, Genichi, the President of Yamaha International, began focusing on manufacturing of outboard boats and the Yamaha motor boats (Smokie Riders, 2013). In 1966, the Yamaha Company opened motorcycle-manufacturing industries in Mexico and Thailand. In late 1960s, Yamaha produced an off road motorcycle, DT-1 model. This off road model brought a very huge impact in the motorbike industry in the United States and was a very big success to the Yamaha Company. In the year 1972, the Toyota and Yamaha Companies came together and designed the Toyota 200 GT. With more inventions in the Yamaha International, the Company continued to grow in terms of the machines they manufactured. Among the machines that they created since then includes; race kart engines, snowmobiles, ATVs, generators, scooters, and personal watercraft. The greatness of the Yamaha International Company is attributed to its first President, Mr. Genichi Kawakami, who believed that, production of goods with character and honesty in service to the clients is the key to success of any business. Activities of Yamaha International Corporation Apart from manufacturing of electronics and automobiles, the Yamaha Company has engaged in so many activities. The Company is involved in sporting activities where they participate in motorbike racing competition (Yamaha Motor Co., 2013). The Company aims at promoting sporting activities in Japan, for example, the Japanese Rugby Team. They are actively involved in operating training schools for young sportsmen for yachting, soccer, and rugby. After sale services is another activity that the Yamaha Company offers to its customers. Raw materials and the Manufacturers of Yamaha The products of Yamaha Company are made of metal alloys, wood, and plastic and rubber materials. The Company uses metal alloys in the manufacturing of its pianos, for example, the acoustic pianos that is

BIO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BIO - Essay Example Its posterity would inherit that preference and pass it on to their posterity. The inferior (distraught) parts of the same species would slowly vanish, leaving just the predominant (advantaged) parts of the species. Natural selection is the protection of a functional advantage that empowers members of a species to contend better in nature. Natural selection is the naturalistic equal to local rearing (Vincent and Joel 67). Throughout the hundreds of years, human breeders have delivered sensational changes in local creature populaces by selecting people to breed. Breeders eliminate out undesirable attributes bit by bit over time. Additionally, natural selection wipes out inferior species step by step over time. However, a concept referred to as uniformitarianism is against the theory of natural selection. The theory states that the evolution took place through the influence of some natural forces such as earthquakes and floods. The climate of the earth has changed during the course of history. The majority of scientists agree that human activities are resulting to the increase of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. Human activities since the period of the industrial revolution have increased the level of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide one of the major greenhouse gasses is produced through the process of burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and land use changes (Woodward 69). Methane the second type of greenhouse gasses is produced through the process of decomposing wastes in landfills, rice cultivation, and manure management. This means that human activities such as farming and use of fossil fuels have increased the level of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. In my area of origin, there is the problem of contamination of drinking water. This is occurring through the contamination of rivers, reservoirs, and lakes in the region. The government is trying to guarantee that there is a proper way of disposing of waste from the factories in

Identify potential risk and protective factors that may influence Essay

Identify potential risk and protective factors that may influence adolescents drug and alcohol use, and why do we need to consider these. Discuss - Essay Example These programs and services provided by the professionals meet the rigorous standards of the nations. They are considered to be the vertebral column of the public health reaction required to address this universal epidemic. The variation in treatment and the revitalization programs are considerable. However, it has been observed that these treatment programs are still not inclusive, accessible or affordable for everyone. Those individuals who genuinely need proper care and treatment must get access to it. In reality, out of five million individuals, nearly two million, who are suffering from drug and alcohol addiction, have the benefit of receiving proper and adequate treatment. Thus, about 60 percent of the drug and alcohol patients are deprived of proper treatment. One indisputable fact remains for the individuals who receive adequate treatment. This includes the assistance of families, pals and the society. They play a significant role in the overall recovery process. We should no t underestimate their timely involvement, encouragement, support to get out the addiction and help them to maintain sobriety (Facts about Drug and Alcohol Addiction, Treatment, Recovery and Use, n.d.). According to the European Union, the main reasons that provoke young Europeans to go for drug addiction are curiosity, peer pressure, thrill seeking and problems at home. The other reasons are loneliness, recreation, problems at schools or workplace, lack of willpower, expected effect of the drug and social or economic problems (Young people and drugs, 2004, p. 25). Figure 1 shows the trend in the causes behind drug abuse between 2002 and 2004. It has been estimated that nearly 3 percent of the total population of the world (that is, about 185 million people) have abused drugs during the period of June 2003 to June 2004. This report has been submitted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). About 13 million of the world

Super sleuth supermarket observation study Essay

Super sleuth supermarket observation study - Essay Example Tesco possess a wide portfolio of its store which includes: Tesco super store, Tesco Store, Tesco extra, Tesco metro. All this stores provides good service and excellent value to its customers. The difficulties that Tesco faced previously were due to low price inflation for food, less growth in population, difficulty in getting permission for setting the supermarket, saturated market and also competition. But today Tesco is considered as an example and treated as a model for supermarket across the world. According to the survey conducted on a weekend in Tesco store it was found that people of all age visit Tesco. But customer in the age band 20-45 years is found more as compared to customer falling in other age band. Both male and female customer was found on the store but as compared to male, female customers was more in number. Jaguar and Rover was found more in number in the parking space of the store. They mainly preferred casual. The store was crowded as it was a weekend therefore the store was more crowded as compared to other weekdays. The research was conducted in the evening which is the peak time in the weekend. The customers were checking the items of the list. The impulse item of Tesco was confectionary. More than 50 % of the crowd of the store was found at the confectionary division of the store. (RÃ ¼ther 32) While conducting a market survey it was revealed that a customer purchased Tesco extra large code fillets batter. The customer was so happy and overwhelmed when she came home and opens the pack. She was so excited and satisfied that she recommended to her friends relatives and other family members. In another case it was found that a customer who took his daughter for a lunch at Tesco and ordered for sandwich which they prefer to have whenever they come to Tesco. But when the sandwich was served it was found that the quality has degraded and the ingredient that was stuffed inside the sandwich was of low quality. But with

Identify potential risk and protective factors that may influence Essay

Identify potential risk and protective factors that may influence adolescents drug and alcohol use, and why do we need to consider these. Discuss - Essay Example These programs and services provided by the professionals meet the rigorous standards of the nations. They are considered to be the vertebral column of the public health reaction required to address this universal epidemic. The variation in treatment and the revitalization programs are considerable. However, it has been observed that these treatment programs are still not inclusive, accessible or affordable for everyone. Those individuals who genuinely need proper care and treatment must get access to it. In reality, out of five million individuals, nearly two million, who are suffering from drug and alcohol addiction, have the benefit of receiving proper and adequate treatment. Thus, about 60 percent of the drug and alcohol patients are deprived of proper treatment. One indisputable fact remains for the individuals who receive adequate treatment. This includes the assistance of families, pals and the society. They play a significant role in the overall recovery process. We should no t underestimate their timely involvement, encouragement, support to get out the addiction and help them to maintain sobriety (Facts about Drug and Alcohol Addiction, Treatment, Recovery and Use, n.d.). According to the European Union, the main reasons that provoke young Europeans to go for drug addiction are curiosity, peer pressure, thrill seeking and problems at home. The other reasons are loneliness, recreation, problems at schools or workplace, lack of willpower, expected effect of the drug and social or economic problems (Young people and drugs, 2004, p. 25). Figure 1 shows the trend in the causes behind drug abuse between 2002 and 2004. It has been estimated that nearly 3 percent of the total population of the world (that is, about 185 million people) have abused drugs during the period of June 2003 to June 2004. This report has been submitted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). About 13 million of the world

Fruit content of fruit juice and apple juice content of cider using Dissertation

Fruit content of fruit juice and apple juice content of cider using DNA methodology - Dissertation Example The people want the analytical techniques to be very quick and easy for the identification of the honesty and accuracy of the ingredients. Many modern analytical techniques are used for the analysis of the plant or animal species in the foods. The techniques based on DNA are much common nowadays. The people have lost their hope on chemical analysis as they cannot predict the correct results because of the varying processing methods. DNA is resistant to the food processing method hence this can used for the analysis. Most of the molecular genetic techniques are based on the PCR, pyrosequencing and CAPS (Cleavable Amplifiable polymorphic Sites). Aim of the project: To determine the fruit content of the fruit juice, using the DNA methodologies. Main work packages: The fruit juices are selected and tested for the fruit content based on the value of the juice and to check the level of fraudulent substitution of other fruits in the juice using the DNA methodologies. The high value fruit ju ices are accidentally or fraudulently substituted with the other fruits. This affects the trustworthy of the product in the customers mind. Hence a novel technique that can identify these fraudulent are required for the prevention. (Bauer et al. 2003). Outline of the project: The fruit juices were obtained from the commercial juice producers. The fresh juices were mixed thoroughly by shaking and inverting. (Doyle and Doyle 1987). The fruit juices are then diluted with the ultra pure water. This dilution is done to reduce the percentage of sugar in the juice. The DNA was extracted from the fruit juices using the Standard CTAB DNA extraction method. (Kress et al. 2005). One ml of the sample was suspended in the 5 ml of the CTAB buffer, 100mmTris HCl, 20mM EDTA, 1.4M NaCl and 40Â µl of proteinase K solution. It was vigorously shaked ad stored at 60 degree Celsius overnight. (Doyle and Doyle 1987). The clear supernatant was removed and added with equal volume of chloroform and centrifu ged and the supernatant was collected. Equal volume of isopropanol was added to precipitate DNA. The pelleted DNA was washed with ethanol and dried and stored in the 1X TE buffer. The concentration of the DNA was estimated using suitable methods. The DNA obtained was amplified before moving to the PCR. The amplified product was confirmed with the gel electrophoresis. The design of the primer is an important part of PCR. The primers for the psbA-trnH chloroplast are used for the Taberlet PCR. (Delano and Schmidt 2004). The products can be amplified using the Taberlet PCR and used for further studies. The PCR products were then run in the gel electrophoresis. The DNA fragments were separated in the gel electrophoresis and the gel images are captured in the Gel Doc. The DNA are then separated and extracted from the gel and the restriction enzymes are used for the further analysis. The restriction enzymes are specific for the species. The restriction enzymes that can be used for fruit j uice analysis are Acil, Apol, Dbel, Mbol,Mnll, NlaIII, TaqAl etc., (Taberlet et al. 1991). The Full length of the DNA can be found by aligning the contigs of the sample. Consensus sequences are generated using the Bioinformatics tools. These consensus sequences can then be used for the analysis of PCR-RFLP patterns. The Apol and Dbel are used for the analysis of the six different fruit species such as apple, blueberry, elderberry, grape, pear and pomegranate. If Apol

The United States Essay Example for Free

The United States Essay Most of the people in America are actually immigrants. In 2007, immigrants in the United States reached 37. 9 million (Center for Immigration Studies, 2007). It is therefore obvious that everyone has their own cultural background aside from that of Americas own culture. This contributes to a persons uniqueness, as well as to the diversity of the people in America. There are a lot of different reasons why people choose to immigrate to America but the main reason is â€Å"living the American dream. † The United States is seen by many as a place to start a new life. They believe that America brings endless opportunities. It is also a place where every person is free. They are not limited by their roots culture and traditions. Of course, not all finds these things in America. For the lucky ones, they find their lives getting better. They do not have regrets about coming to America. They learn about the new surroundings and adapt to the countrys culture and traditions without difficulty. This is probably the best reason to stay in the United States; to learn more and be able to explore more of yourself by adapting another culture and tradition. The American culture is very interesting. It is known as the â€Å"melting pot† of all nationalities because one can find almost all types of nationalities here. Individualism plays a major role in everyones lives. It sets them apart from everyone else. Because of these reasons, it seems hard to set a definite culture and tradition for the American people. Everyone has their own thing to do and respects everyone elses businesses. At home, they usually have their own schedules of who will do the chores for the day or week. Family members are not known to be close with each other. As well, children are not required to share things with their parents. At school, Americans do not practice calling their teachers as sir or madame. They are not obliged to standing up when a teacher enters or exits the room. They work they way to graduation by their own with minimal supervision from the teachers. Also, young people are not forced to attend college because many jobs are available even to those who do not finish a higher education. People are more liberal in this country. Fame, money, and glamor are considered important. The media and Hollywood plays a great role in shaping the minds of the young adults. Violence, sex, and crimes are rampant. On a brighter note, people are more open-minded. They are adventurous and are willing to try out new things. The world of sports, as in basketball, baseball, and football, is also popular. Americans spend a great deal of money just to watch a good game. They also love celebrations and holidays. One of the main holidays they commemorate is the Fourth of July, which is their independence day. Although religion and spirituality is not very focused on, most Americans are Protestants with Roman Catholic only second in place (CIA: The World Fact Book, 2008). There are also some who do not belong to any religious groups. Another interesting thing about the culture of the American people is how they love eating. They have a passion for food. Cooking schools and cooking shows are everywhere. A person can find a dining place in every street. The diversity of the food is also interesting because it shows just how many nationalities are there in the country. One is not limited on what to eat and the places to eat because of the abundance of restaurants, cuisines, diners, and fast foods everywhere. On the other hand, Japan can be considered to have one of the richest cultures in the world. They have cultures and traditions that sets them aside from their neighboring Asian countries. One of the different things that the Japanese people can boast about is the language, which is Japanese. Although this is their primary language, English is also taught in school. At home, they have traditional Japanese furniture and shoes are left outside the house to avoid damage to the floor. Grandparents usually stay with the family instead of living in nursing homes. The Japanese are also famous for their tea ceremony called Chanoyu. It is believed to bring harmony (Sosnoski, 1996). They also celebrate their holidays in a festival way. Some of their holidays include New Year (shogatsu), Coming of Age (seijin no hi), Spring Eqinox Day (shunbun no hi), and Constitution Day (kenpo kinenbi). With regard to religion, most Japanese practice Buddhism, which was first introduced in 552 (Murthy, 1989). As well, Japan is known for their traditional dress called Kimono, geisha, and public baths. These are only some of Japaneses culture and traditions. Indeed, it can be said that they are very rich in this area. These similarities and differences of the two countries do not really affect my way of life because I have already accepted them as my past and present. I do not limit myself to one cultural background because then, I will lose my individualism. One just have to accept these similarities and differences for it not to have an affect on their life. My cultural background does not really affect the American way of life because our number are only few considered to other groups. I think that the main contribution of the Japanese culture to that of the Americans is the Japanese food and cuisine, which is very popular among Americans. Learning about my own culture is not at all hard because it is still practiced at home with my family. Also, there are many source available for me to study about Japan including books and the Internet although I am in the United States. I make sure that I learn something new about Japan every now and then. In this way, I do not lose my identity as a Japanese though I was born and raised in America. Immigrants are able to preserve their own culture and customs while living an American life by speaking their native languages or practicing their traditions at home (Yoshinaga, Mitsuaki, Roberts, 2000). As an adult, I have not developed a new culture. I want to believe that I am American, though I have a Japanese background. I live as any person in America does, which means that I am living the American way with regard to the customs, beliefs, and traditions. I believe that this is not hard as long as a person knows who he or she really is and what he or she want to become. I think that it does not matter where a person is born or raised, or even what his or her cultural background is. Identity is important. An individual has to choose what to follow, especially when not in his or her own home land. A person can not help but follow what is there in front of them. Generally, it is hard to fit in another group while practicing the ways of another group. It does not really matter what a person chooses or if the person even chooses just as long as he or she knows what he or she really wants. Being an immigrant can be hard but it also means expanding your knowledge and experience about certain things. It should be seen as a new way to learn more about ones self. It is important to have an identity but diversity should also be kept in mind. There should be no limit as to what a person should follow or believe. America, as stated, is the melting pot of all cultures and backgrounds. Even those who opt not to believe in anything can be seen here. It is so diverse yet each person is unique. Living in the United States does not mean that a person has to forget about his or her background and beliefs. A person can still practice what he or she has grown to know while living the American way of life. Even if not raised in a Japanese culture, I can still be a Japanese in my own way. I do not have to disregard my background just because I live in America and was born here. It can be admitted that American and Japanese cultures are very different from each other. Although this is the case, I still believe that these things do not take an effect on my life because I have learned to respect each cultures differences. This is important to be able to live a peaceful life wherein there is no conflict between the two. I think that as long as I respect that they are not the same and that I can not live both ways, everything will turn out as I want them to be. Not living in your home land does not have to complicated. I can still be a Japanese though I am American in my ways. Being a Japanese is a part of my past while being an American is my present and future. Together, it is who I choose to be. References Center for Immigration Studies. (2007, November). Immigrants in the United States,2007. A Profile of Americas Foreign-Born Population.Retrieved March 5, 2008, from http://www. cis. org/articles/2007/back1007. html Central Intelligence Agency. (2008, February 28). The World Fact Book. Retrieved March 5, 2008, from https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/us. html#People Murthy, K. (1989). Buddhism in Japan. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan. Sosnoki, D. (1996). Introduction to Japanese Culture. Boston: Tuttle Publishing. Yoshinaga, M. , Oyabu, T. , Roberts, D. (2000). American Culture versus Japanese Culture in the Social Structure. Reports of Kyushu school of Engineering, Kinki University, 28,

Measurements of Universal Health in Ethiopia

Measurements of Universal Health in Ethiopia TASK The UK Department for International Development (UK-DFID) has recently decided to allocate funds for establishing universal health coverage in low income countries. The Director of the Global Health Division of the UK-DFID invites you to submit a scoping report with a critical assessment of the type of indicators needed to evaluate and monitor universal health coverage in a low income country of your choice. Your report will be judged on the basis of the following criteria: Illustration and critical assessment of at least 5 relevant direct or indirect indicators (statistics), their sources and overall quality of data. The sources (online) and any other supporting references cited should be numbered either in the footnote or in the Bibliography at the end of the document. Use and reliability of those selected indicators for planning and programme interventions Potential country-specific barriers, where applicable, in implementing the universal health coverage Clarity of presentation, independent critical thinking and creativity One of the main aims of the UK department for international development is to promote the development and eradication of poverty through the establishment of Universal Global Health coverage in low in come countries. As a result this scoping report focuses on Ethiopia a low income region which has a history of high birth rates, famine, war and the second highest population in Africa (91million) [1]. The regions health care system as consequence is among one the poorest in Africa, making it an ideal region in assigning the types indictors needed to provide UGH [2]. In order to monitor and evaluate UGH it is important to firstly acknowledge that there is no one metric measurement or indicator of health, as health differs from one individual to another and as a outcome an average or optimum is often defined to monitor the overall health of the population [3]. The World Health Report 2013 has provided a widely used framework in order to successfully monitor UGH [4]. Figure 1 illustrates the framework which focuses on three main areas of health. Service coverage: the vital health care services that are needed, Financial coverage: Ability to acquire these services without financial difficulty and Population coverage: the number people that have access to these services. The indictors used in this report aim to cover these three dimensions while also being tailored specifically to Ethiopia’s health requirements. Table 1: Statistics adapted from WHO data repository [8] Population using improved drinking-water sources (%) Year Rural Urban 1990 4% 80% 2000 19% 87% 2011 39% 97% Adequate access to clean water is a basic human right and the seventh Millennium Development Goal [5]. Clean water is essential to ample quality of life and is used in a diverse range of fields from basic hydration, irrigation, sanitation to complex health care institutions such as hospitals making it a vital component of health [6]. This indicator is categorised into ether improved or unimproved source with improved sources indicating clean water. This classification makes it a simple indicator allowing identification of areas where safe water sources are abundant and areas that need improved water source access, perhaps through water aid programs. This indicator is particularly useful as it can show the range of human impacts on the quality of water through the presence of nitrate as well as compounds and bacteria which can indicate waterborne pathogens the common cause of disease. [7]. Data is provided through national household surveys, the demographic health surveys (DHS) and RA DW (Rapid assessment of drinking water quality project) which is carried out by both the WHO and UNICEF with the DHS often providing high quality statistics [4]. Table 1 illustrates that the percentage of improved water sources is disproportionate from 97% users in urban area in 2011 compared to just 39% in rural areas in 2011. This suggests that water sanitation programs should be focused in rural areas where there are less people using improved drinking sources. The results also illustrate that although there are far more users of improved sources in urban areas, the number of users in rural area over three decades have seen a greater increase from just 4% in 1990 to over 39% in 2011 which could be attribute to better surveying in these areas in recent times. The indicator however is a proxy to number of people that have access to clean water as it shows the percentage of users of improved sources and not the amount people that have access to safe drinking water, meaning some soci al-economic groups such as the isolated poor or elderly are not accounted for as they are less likely to have â€Å"access† to these improved sources [7]. The indictor is limited only showing percentages for rural and urban areas; an indication of sub-urban regions would provide are more in-depth analysis of overall water quality in the region. Recognition of which gender the improved water source is mainly being used by i.e. men, women or children is also unaccounted for which could be crucial indicator as children are highly impacted from waterborne pathogens [2]. Furthermore even though water is being used from an improved source, this water still needs to be obtained from larger sources leading to possible contamination during transportation or even storage invalidating the indicator. Guidelines presented by WHO for safe drinking water is also assumed constant over time by indictor limiting it accuracy [9], overall this indicator can provide an overview of water quality b ut accuracy of the indicator can be skewed to urban areas. The overall health of the population is often measured by life expectancy, this indicator is widely used and data regarding this indictor is readily available. Life expectancy is a longer term measure of health and an overall indication of health over the years. Life expectancy in Ethiopia has been improving over the years from around 55 years at birth in 2004 to 62 years in 2011[8]. It is an important indicator in reflecting the overall mortality of the population; this is helpful for the governmental as it illustrates the trend through time of the overall population and improvements in life expectancy can reflect better nutrition, hygiene and effective medical intervention within the nation [10]. However unless a comprehensive cohort/period life table is developed, life expectancy at birth assumes that health conditions remain constant throughout the lifespan of the individual, an inaccurate assumption given the higher mortality rates in the first year of life and lower mortality a t around middle age. Table 3: Data adapted from WHO, World Bank and DHS. [8], [10],[11] BCG among 1 year’s olds (%) [8] Under 5 mortality rate per 1000 births [10] Children Fully Immunised (%) [11] Year: 1980 0 240 N/A 2000 51% 146 14.3% 2011 80% 68 24% Vaccination is an essential component of health in many low-income countries with the fourth MDG main aim being the reduction of child morbidity and mortality [5]. Immunisation can help reduce mortality and usually is cost effective while also being an excellent indictor of the health among children. BCG is the best indicator of full immunisation coverage as the WHO states children can be classified full immunised once they have received a tuberculosis vaccination (BCG) [9] therefore a BCG indicator is vital in monitoring health of children. Table 3 illustrates the importance of BCG vaccination with the percentage of coverage improving over the years from no vaccination in 1980 to over 80% of 1 year olds having being immunised in 2012 suggesting an improvement in the protection of children against TB, this is further reinforced by the decline in under five mortality rate. The validity of the indictor can be backed up by it its correlation to under 5 mortality rate; Table 3 illustrate s a linear relationship in increasing immunisation and declining child mortality, showing the success of the indictor in monitoring UGH among children. However universal health through immunisation in reality is hindered by a delay in diagnosis of tuberculosis in Ethiopia which can exacerbate the disease [12], combined with the majority of children and citizens being concentrated in rural areas where there is no real means of transportation available to attend a hospital for vaccination, [2] making the indicator biased to people who can access vaccination facilities. The BCG indicator is effectively used in TB prevention, treatment and psychological suffering through basic programmes such as stop TB strategy programme [4]. Data provides estimations between the accurately reported immunisation figures by national authorities and those where data may present misleading figures [8]. This means the data may not be fully accurate as it is a estimation of actual and misclassified figures. However this indicator is vital for monitoring and guiding disease and eradication programmes and efforts in Ethiopia. Although BCG percentage shows a high coverage over tuberculosis it does to provide accurate analysis of UGH in terms of other diseases such as malaria. The percentage of full immunised children is a better indictor for UGH as it indicates children which are protected against all diseases. However only 24% of children are fully immunised which suggest that although 80% of children are immunised this is misleading as this 80% are only immunised against TB and not other deadly diseases. Although the WHO suggests children are not fully covered against diseases until they are immunised from TB, the immunisation of other diseases prior to the TB vaccination needs to be considered. Anaemia is defined as a condition which is characterised by low levels of haemoglobin in our blood, in the case of Ethiopia anaemia is a major concern with low come groups being among highest at risk [13]. This is an important indicator in children as anaemia is associated with impaired mental and physical development and increasing morbidity and mortality. This indicator is particularly helpful because it has allowed a number of preventions programmes to be put into place such as enhanced outreach Strategy and Targeted supplementary foods intervention programme which aim to improve nutrient in among children. More than 44% of population in 2011 is still anaemic with 21% percent of children having moderate anaemia illustrating the importance of this indicator in monitoring UGH in children and future programme intervention development. However this indicator is constraint to children limiting its capability, it is also misleading as there are also other factors related to anaemia such iron deficiency, and Vitamin A levels which this indictor does not account for providing inaccurate assessment [9]. Table 3: Indicators adapted from WHO, DHS and UN [8],[11],[14] Maternal Mortality Ratio MMR per 100,000 live births [8] Live Births Delivered at Health Facility (%) [11] Births attended by skilled heath Personnel (%) [15] Year: 1990 950 N/A NA 2005 700 5.3% 5.7% 2011 350 9.9% 10.0% Maternal mortality in Ethiopia is among the highest in the world and it is the biggest killer of women in Sub-Saharan Africa with the fifth MDG aiming for a reduction of 75% from 1990 to 2015 [5]. Maternal health is often measured by the maternal mortality ratio which is expected to be useful in indicating the deaths among women, the risk associated with pregnancy, monitoring achievement towards MDG 5 and the capacity of health systems within Ethiopia to provide effective health care [14]. Table 1 illustrates the maternal mortality ratio, illustrating initially that there is reduction in maternal morality in Ethiopia and an improvement over the years with some considerable progress towards MDG 5. However the MMR ratio does not take into consideration several key factors that can impact women during her pregnancy. The indictor is irrespective of the duration of pregnancy and also where the birth took place giving an inaccurate assumption how amount of mortalities. The relationship bet ween the MMR to percentages of live births that took place in health facility shows a poor correlation because although there has been a significant reduction in mortality from 1990 to 2011 this is misleading as only 9.9% of these births took place in adequate well equipped hospitals suggesting MMR should be higher. Measuring mortality is difficult and inaccurate as it is a ratio based on estimations between the total maternal deaths and total live births which does not account for women which have died during the pregnancy. The ratio also fails to show the factors which lead to high or low level of mortality which could prove vital to reducing mortality as an indication of this would allow a focus in future planning to reduce the MMR. Sources of data are varied with different methods being used to derive country estimates, with many rural areas having no data at all making results biased [14]. A more accurate indictor of UGH of maternal health is number of live births in health fac ilities and births attended by skills personal, both indictors show low percentages suggesting and poor health care service as an increase in number births at hospital and with better equipped personnel is likely to reduce maternal deaths. These two indictors also show why maternal death rates are so high as apposed just showing number of deaths. The MMR indictor used is not a reliable indictor of UGH among pregnant women and more focused indictors such one shown in table 3 are recommended for UGH. As stated in the introduction there is no one measure of universal health among a country, individual, or the world. Each indicator has it own weakness and strengths as illustrated above. All the indictors in this report have been chosen as they are most suited to Ethiopia and it requirements, this report suggests that some indictors i.e. Immunisation and percentage population using improved water sources may be better indictors than other such as life expectancy and maternal health in monitoring UGH. However any indictors used to monitor UGH should be chosen for future policy planning, MDG assessments and intervention schemes. Bibliography: 1: The World Bank, working for a world free of poverty. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia (Accessed 15 February 2014). 2: Murray, J.S., Moonan, M. Recognizing the healthcare needs of Ethiopia’s children. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing 2012; 17(4):339-343. 10.1111/j.1744-6155.2012.00328.x (Accessed 15th February 2014). 3: Abraha, M.W., Nigatu, T.H. Modeling trends of health and health related indicators in Ethiopia (1995-2008): a time-series study. Health Research Policy and Systems 2009;7(1)1-17 http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content/7/1/29/abstract (Accessed 12 February 2014). 4: World Health Organization, research for universal health coverage: world health report 2013. The World Health organisation 2013. 5: United Nations Millennium Development Goals: We can end poverty http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ (Accessed 12 February 2014). 6: Onda, K., LoBuglio, J., Bartram, J. Global Access to Safe Water: Accounting for Water Quality and the Resulting Impact on MDG Progress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2012;9(3)880–894. 10.3390/ijerph9030880 (Accessed 12 February 2014). 7: Bain, R., Gundry, S., Wright, J., Yang, H., Pedley, S., Bartram, J.. Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2012;90(3),228–235. 8: The World Health Organisation, Global Health Observatory. http://www.who.int/gho/database/en/ (Accessed 15 February 2014). 9: Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia] and ICF International. 2012. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Calverton, Maryland, USA: Central Statistical Agency and ICF International. 10: The World Bank, Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (Accessed 13 February 2014). 11: Demographic and Health Surveys, Country Quickstats. http://www.measuredhs.com/Where-We-Work/Country-Main.cfm?ctry_id=65c=EthiopiaCountry=Ethiopiacn=r=1 (Accessed 15th February 2014). 12: Demissie, M., Lindtjorn, B., Berhane, Y. Patient and health service delay in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2002; 2(1) 1-7 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/2/23/abstract (Accessed 13th February 2014). 13: Balarajan, Y., Ramakrishnan, U., Ozaltin, E., Shankar, A.H., Subramanian, S.V. Anaemia in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 2011;378(9809) 2123–2135 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62304-5 (Accessed 16Th February 2014). 14: The World Health Organisation, Indicator and measurement registry. http://apps.who.int/gho/indicatorregistry/App_Main/view_indicator.aspx?iid=26 (Accessed 19th February 2014). 15: UN Data, Statistics. http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=MDGf=seriesRowID:570 (Accessed 19 February 2014).