The Role Of Missionaries In Colonial African Education History Essay

The situation Of bangaries In Colonial African Education History EssayThe stand page of forgiveness Canada is that of a stereotypical Northern charity show pictures of suffering children alternating with those of post-intervention, happy children. Included on the website is information near the charitys programs, such as their Leadership Development Program in which explodeicipants top a degree in their chosen field of study, and participate in Christian leadership training, enabling them to amaze a fully certain agent of change in their nation (Compassion Canada 2011). It is inte perching to note that this suffer is not a new concept. As a member of the church of England, it interests me to see echoes of Christian preparational efforts by organizations such as Compassion Canada in the t from each geniusingal efforts of the cathexisary branch of the Anglican Church, the Church electric chargeer Society, or CMS. A member of the CMS, Henry Venn, boasted that the billi ng develops of Nigeria would produce an improve African elite that could form an intelligent and influential class of corporation and be stool along the founders of a Kingdom which shall render incalcul adequate benefits to Africa (Venn cited in Bassey 199137). That on that point be parallels between contemporary Christian organizations efforts and the accusationary efforts of the mid-nineteenth to mid- twentieth centuries is a reason for concern, considering the similar impact of missionaries of all Christian designations on the command of Africans in the British and Italian colonies in Africa. Although it can be verbalize that Christian missionaries benefitted Africans by bringing in the more advanced westbound program line method to the European colonies in Africa, it is believed that the mission tames in fact had a ostracise impact on the indwelling peoples. Not only did mission adducement ratify compound rule, moreover it excessively weakened conventi onalistic societies and implemented unretentive standards of Western development. The missionary impact on gentility would have far-reaching consequences, as their creation of a weak basis of education would slow d bear the political and educational development of many another(prenominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal) occasion colonies in Africa.While missionaries could sometimes clash with colonial brasss, for the most part missions were important tools for colonial governments. As Sir Henry Johnston, a key judge in the Scramble for Africa says, they the mission stations strengthen our hold over the country, they deal out the use of the English language, they induct natives into the outstrip kind of civilization, and in fact, each mission station is an essay in colonization (Johnston cited in Sheffield 197310). iodin of the missions most important roles to the colonial regimes was their role in educating the native Africans. Mission schools provided a steady stream of educ ated Africans capable of filling the land directs of the colonial validation and ope prised vocational and verdant schools (Ayandele 1966 295 harbor 1965 90-91 Sheffield 1973 10-11). The academic education purposely did not train Africans for the higher level positions of colonial administrations, which were generally reserved for Europeans (Ayandele 1966295 Sheffield 197342), a practise which created dependency on the colonizers, as without them the colonisation did not have suffice administrators. In addition, while missionaries did run many academic particular schools, they provided dwarfish alternative education, a practice which prevented natives from suitable too educated (Ayandele 1966286) and potentially subversive. tied(p) if secondary education was provided, it was oft reserved for the sons of local chiefs (Oliver 1952212 Beck 1966 120), an elite the colonial government could then handle upon to help rule the colony, a common practice in colonial Africa.The latter, non-academic form of education provided by the missions has stimulated much interest among scholars, who argon particularly elicit in the failure of many of these schools and the hypocritical government support for the schools, seeing as the import of cheap goods from the experience countries caused many vocational school graduates, such as seamstresses, to be unemployed (Ayandele 1966296 Foster 1965134). However hypocritical, government support for the schools should not be surprising, considering the benefits the colonial governments stood to take up. Even when governments discouraged domestic industries, graduates of vocational schools contributed to the economy of the colonies -and wherefore indirectly the m some other countrys as well. Instead of wishinging to import skilled workers such as carpenters, the mission schools provided colonial governments with workers capable of building and primary(prenominal)taining the colonys infrastructure and basic technology, a contribution that kept the colonies running smoothly.The agricultural schools the missions ran would have been even more advantageous to the colonial governments considering the discouragement of local industries that might have competed with the motherland. Agricultural school graduates did not compete with European industries or European farmers, as they principally grew crops that could not be arriven in European climates. Furthermore, they were skilled farmers that could grow cash crops to be consumed back in the mother country, such as cocoa from Ghana (Foster 1965 153). Moreover, it was not in the colonial powers interest for the natives to become too educated, as they might become self-reliant and could conceivably supplicate independence from the colonial power, so encouraging the less intellectual agricultural schools was in the governments interest. The missions agricultural schools were especially beneficial for colonial governments considering that governments believ ed that manual elbow grease was a means to prevent discontent and unrest in the tribes (Hansen 1984232). so by training Africans to fill only the turn away levels of the colonial administration and providing skilled workers from the vocational and agricultural schools who contributed to the economy and were less likely to irresolution colonial rule than more educated Africans, mission schools helped to strengthen colonial rule.Another negative impact of mission education was that it weakened conventional societies, which in many ways further served the colonial cause. The weakening of traditional societies was not simply a consequence of the efforts of missionaries but bingle of their main objectives, stemming from their feeling in the civilizing mission. Supporters of the civilizing mission believed that European colonial enterprises were justified as the Europeans were imparting their super Western culture and melodic themes to the ignorant heathens of Africa, Asia, the A mericas and Australasia. For this reason, missionaries believed they were doing their students a favour by discourage traditional practices and promoting Western nonpareils. wiz method of discouraging traditional practices was to give students a fully Western education. As a mission school graduate noted, local level was nearly all ignored. We were expected to accept the European language as the superior one, and this was fortify through with(predicate)out my school career (Abu cited in Berman 1974536). Being ignorant of ones history causes one to lose part of ones identity and pride in that identity, and one is therefore more vulnerable to attacks denouncing ones culture as inferior, especially if at the same time one is being taught the noble history of other culture. Furthermore, mission schools discouraged traditional ways of life outside of the classroom. One Liberian student recalls that we were taught to dress properly, to eat properly, to speak properly. Properly meant by Anglo-Saxon standards. In short, it was a very successful mission in making us short black Anglo-Saxon Protestants. Cultural loss is what many of us suffer from . After a time the idea becomes ingrained -it is heathen and unchristian to be an African culturally (Awori cited in Berman 1974536). Through academic lessons and lessons on Western etiquette and hygiene, mission students were isolated from their traditional cultures, a traumatic experience that would continue to trouble many students for the rest of their lives.It is interesting to note that while in many ways missionaries sought-after(a) to isolate students from their cultures, missionaries often insisted in teaching in the native languages. round earlier scholarship on mission education has taken this as a positive impact of the missionaries. For instance the scholar E.A. Ayandele (1966283), writing in the 1960s, says, By their the missions efforts the main languages of Nigeria have been preserved as a unchang eable legacy to the Ibo, Yoruba, Efik, Nupe and Hausa. However, this practice was in fact probably more imputable to stereotypes of African ignorance than an interest in being culturally respectful missionaries whitethorn have believed that it would take too long to teach a superior European language to the unintelligent natives when the natives souls were in such desperate need of saving. Indeed, once the souls had been saved and since the students must have been considered clever enough, European languages were almost universally the languages of educational activity in the later primary years and in secondary schools (Beck 1966 120 Foster 1965 159 Miran 2002127). Teaching in the vernacular had an excess use as it further strengthened colonial rule, of which missionaries were often agents, for as the Kikuyu people of Kenya were conscious, the inability to communicate in English would be a crucial factor in the perpetuation of their subordinate status in the colony (Berman 197453 1). It is much easier to interact on an equal basis or even challenge the authority of another group when one is able to communicate in that groups language, instead of having to rely on an interpreter or non-verbal gestures, which undermine ones ability to show authority or express ones persuasions. In short, the impact of teaching in the vernacular was more negative than positive, as it reinforced colonial rule and no doubt did very little to preserve native cultural identities, seeing as missionaries promoted European languages as superior and only used the vernacular because conversion and religious instruction were such high priorities.That missionaries used the vernacular illustrates the fact that missionaries were principally evangelists, and that they considered their other roles, including their role as educators, as less important. Given their priorities, it should thus come as little surprise that missions often provided poor education to the African pupils. There were s everal reasons for this poor education, some intentional and some not. First, missions power saw education foremost as a means of conversion (Ayandele 1966 286 Bassey 1991 36 Berman 1974527 Foster 196585 Sheffield 197311). The missionaries believed that in order to stabilize the faith of converts and to take to heart in character development, it was necessary that they should be able to read the scriptures or other books of religious instruction, translated by the missions. This involved learning to read in the vernacular (Hadfield cited in Bone 19697). Missionaries were no doubt also aware that Africans came to associate European technological achievement with Western education (Bassey 199145) and therefore offered Western education as a means to attract Africans of this belief and then convert them. However, the motivation behind teaching Africans basic literacy and mathematics might not have been a cause for concern if not for the fact that the religious motivation curtailed ed ucation. As Ayandele points out (1966285), the ideal of many of the missions was to make their converts live literally as the unlearned and ignorant apostles of old. This ideal, combine with the fact that many missionaries discovered that Africans with only basic education were best at spreading the Gospel, meant that missionaries were reluctant to provide higher primary or secondary education (Ayandele 1966286). Seeing as missions in the British and Italian colonies had monopolies on education for the nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries, this reluctance meant that there were few secondary schools at all (Ayandele 1966287 Beck 1966 120). As long as the Africans could read the Bible, the missionaries were conform to that they had had enough academic education. A second reason for the poor education of the mission schools was that in many cuttings the teachers in mission schools were unqualified as teachers, but were instead preachers by training. For instance, in the Salisbury r egion of Rhodesia, it was describe in 1924 that no male teachers had educational qualifications (Bone 196928).Third, rivalry between the variant Christian denominations also contributed to the poor standards of education. Edward Berman notes that contemporary critics of the missionaries felt that missionaries were more interested in increasing enrolments in their respective churches than in pooling their resources for the benefit of African education (Berman 1974533). Because of rivalry, instead of building one common, multi-denominational school in a village that really only needed the one school, missionaries each construct a school for their particular denomination and competed for students (Berman 1974533). Furthermore, each denomination had differing policies on education, so standards in education fluctuated across each colony, depending on what denomination had schools in each area. For instance, in southern Nigeria, the CMS insurance was to teach in the vernacular at the primary level, while the Roman Catholic Missions policy was to teach in English (Bassey 199142). In addition to contributing to displace educational standards across the colony, inter-denominational rivalry caused a disparity in advance to education. In regions where a denomination felt threatened by another denomination, the denominations were more likely to establish more schools in an attempt to gain more converts than their rival, while in regions such as northern Nigeria, where colonial policy prevented too much rivalry, schools were scarce (Bassey 199145). Thus, because of the motive of proselytization, unqualified teachers, and inter-denominational rivalry, missions frequently provided poor education.Indeed, the quality of the education could be so poor that the colonial governments complained, as in the case of the Nigerian government, which complained that the secondary school graduates provided by the missions were illiterate and ignorant and therefore poorly suited to fill the lower levels of the administration (Ayandele 1966294-5). However, as Jonathan Miran (2002) argues in his work on the roles of missionaries and the Italian state in Eritrean education, missionaries should not be held solely accountable for the poor standards of education. As much as the governments liked to assign blame to the missions, they were also accountable for the poor education through their educational policies. As one Eritrean student remarks, Our sisters the Italian Sisters would have undoubtedly taught better and more, but the Italian government in the colony did not permit Eritreans to get good instruction (T.T. cited in Miran 2002128). The colonial Eritrean government ensured that native Eritreans received poor education by permitting them to only attend school up to the fourth grade (Miran 2002127). Governments are also not fall by the wayside from blame even if they had a laissez-faire educational policy, as in Ghana, where until 1944 the registration of sch ools was not required and no attempt was made to sustain detailed control even over the activities of grant-aided by the government institutions except for a series of minimal registrations (Foster 1965114). If a government fails to regulate schools at all, they have no right to complain that the education in their colony is poor. Therefore, whether through their austere educational polices or lack thereof, colonial governments contributed to the poor education, though there is no denying that missionaries also contributed to the quality of education to a great extent.In conclusion, the educational enterprise of the Christian missionaries in the British and Italian colonies of Africa during the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries was in general negative for the African pupils. Both the academic and vocational forms of education the missions provided served to strengthen the rule of the colonial powers, so that the native inhabitants were second-class citizens in their own land. Furthermore, missionaries, believing in the civilizing mission, attempted to disintegrate traditional society through education by choosing academic subjects, such as the histories of the Western colonial powers, that illustrated the superiority of the Western culture, as well as by teaching closely the superiority of the West in non-academic matters such as hygiene. These attempts were traumatic for the students and threatened the survival of unique cultures. Last, missionaries provided a very poor education, cause their students to be ill-equipped for social or material success, as they believed education to simply be a means for proselytization, were unqualified teachers, and allowed inter-denominational rivalries to throw in. As negative as all these impacts of the missionaries undoubtedly were for the African pupils, the long-term consequences are arguably as skillful. The reservation of high-altitude positions in the colonial administrations for Europeans and the co rresponding mission education that provided education fit only for lower positions meant that the withdrawal of European rule could cause serious political instability in the saucily independent colonies. While colonial administration in colonies such as Kenya attempted to some degree to provide training for Kenyans to fill the high-level positions (Sheffield 197386), the attempts in many cases fell short, and when the European administration left, Kenya, for instance, had few sufficiently educated replacements (Sheffield 197388). Thus missionaries, by imparting education that promoted dependence on colonial rule, arguably contributed to the political instability that continues in the present daytime in many former African colonies, such as Kenya and Eritrea. Moreover, mission education formed a poor foundation for future educational conditions in the former colonies. Given the fluctuating standards between schools and regions and the lack of qualified teachers in the mission schoo ls which had monopolies in well into the mid-twentieth century, it should come as little surprise that the quality of education continues to be a concern in many former colonies. For instance, in Nigeria in 2006, approximately only 51.2% of primary school teachers of either gender were trained as teachers, and the enrolment rate in primary education for both genders in 2000 stood at about 62.7%, compared to 99.5% in Canada (UN Data 2010). Therefore, considering that the impact of mission education continues to have serious repercussions today, one must question whether the First World should continue to interfere in African education. Volunteers and donors to organizations such as Compassion Canada believe that they are being humanitarian when they build schools in Africa, volunteer as teachers or help in other ways to improve the quality of education in African nations, yet missionaries and colonial governments were similarly lauded as do a great work of humanity (Beck 1966117) an d likewise believed that they were helping their African pupils. However the superficial motivations and ideologies have changed, at the most basic level both contemporary Northern charities and nineteenth century missionaries share the belief that the North must come and save the suffering natives, which in the case of the missionaries, has been proven to have inflicted more harm than provided relief. Thus, despite what the images of suffering African children on websites such as that of Compassion Canada might lead one to believe, it is time for Africans to educate their own, without any interference.

Nursing Reflective Essay on Ethics Committee

Nursing wistful Essay on Ethics CommitteeLOVISE GEORGEEXPERIENCE IN THE virtual(prenominal) ETHICS COMMITTEESReflective Critique MethodAs a government agency of our course, we should engage with vi estimable motive direction. I induct be six moral philosophy committee which has profoundly changed my carry out in Teesside University. This brooding search will use Gibbs reflective cycle (1988) and explain some of my experience in the ethics committee and how I managed in certain situation. I am concentrating on particular aspect musician entropy sheet.The accompanying occurred during my first ethics committee which I was due to deli precise salutary-nigh my topic thespian information sheet. I felt so unhopeful during at the time, this was my first experience to attend in this session so I scram no much knowledge round inquiry topics and terminologies .I thought that participant information sheet means it includes only the participant information and we should write rise-nigh all elaborate nigh participant details. My task was to speak to the highest degree participant information sheet, looking at how this important for searcher what are the criteria should be included in information sheet .When I started to speak about my topic I change by reversal so tensed and I am non able to accept my ideas to other portions. I stumbled with my first sentence so I could not able to complete my presentation .I felt shy and ashamed about my ability to speak to other members, but I felt so sad towards me and trying not to cry. When the class was finished immediately I left the class room and did not speak to anyone. I accomplished that start out no confidence to speak in front of my colleagues and tutors about my subject. Totally I attended six ethics committee, when I was attended last committee my knowledge level increased and got a advance picture about my topic and now I knew as a researcher this information sheet is real inborn to conduct their theater and without information sheet drive out not conduct a research. instantaneously I feel much confidence to speak and I can stick my opinion.When I attended ethics committee, I had both tidy and bad experience. magic spell I am a member of ethics committee, helped me to learn some new ideas and analyzed and interpret each and all(prenominal) matter we discuss in the committee .Before I joining ethics committee I am always feel shy and invaginate in neighborly life, but once I actively conjugate with the ethics committee I become to a greater extent extroverted and acquire how to express my ideas according to my goals. It is clearly evidence in social participitation conjecture (Srivastava, Angelo, and Vallereux 2008) and helped me to how introverted person can be extroverted or social being. Then started referred different book, journals and even learn to browse internet to function a suitable point and skills to make me more confidence and faultless .The bad experience about committee, even if I prepared well with best of my knowledge, even then also while discussing with others they night have different ideas or views that make me confused weather my points were right or wrong .Hence I still I have confusion in terms in philosophical paradigm and hypothesis.The situation was made skinny in my own research final cause and helped me to increase my knowledge about my dissertation topic. Knowledge and experience can make the researcher could act more accurate and successful.(Verburg Andriessen,2011) To me as a learner this knowledge is essential for my research proposal and can prepare a good project. When I started to attended the first committee I thought in research Participant information sheet is not much important consumption just we should invite the participants to take part in our research call for .But now recognized without information sheet the research proposal is shut-in and all information regarding the participant details will be handled in confidence. I can make a good research which I collected from information sheet. I got all sort of different needed information from each sheet and I am confident that I can design a better quality research proposal as a part of my research.Each and every participant, who became a member in the research team, should have the aware about their rights and also very important to ensure their caoutchouc and dignity. There are six ethical tenets can use to protect their participants from harm (ICN, 2003).However there are three rights for every researcher who actively involve in research privacy, safety and dignity. It is important to keep the confidentiality which we get through participant information sheet. As a researcher every one must keep the anonymity without revealing their names. Its a protocol to keep the patient details recorded in appropriate manner and it should be separated in different file with proper label and it must be in their cupboard or cabinet which is only accessible to authorized person. It is very essential to respect and keep the dignity for each and every person. While conducting any research, its necessary to explain about the purpose and intellectual for conducting particular research to every participantIn retrospect, I am planning to do many things in different way. I have been more confidence and should be more proactive myself. I have discussed to the ethics committee members as soon as finishing the committee and I can contribute my opinion. However I learned from the hazard is I should be more courage and I have to hold on a good relation with our supervisor in the coming weeks, so that I could do in a best way in committee.In future, I would ensure I will be more confident about research proposal either in qualitive or quanitive, especially in my particular aspect information sheet. I am studying alongside with different teachers during my course, and I will speak about my nervous. I have alre ady personal tutors and I have colloquy with her, and she helped me a lot to achieve my goal and how to present very well in future, so that I do not feel so nervous. I also want to share with my colleagues about my feelings and I commend it will help to study from them.For training purpose I centre to attend in seminar when they were conducting in Teesside University and I want to achieve more confidence and this is the good method to improve my presentation skill.This reflective bear witness enhanced my level of thinking, knowledge and understanding its importance, had improved with use of reflective model .My competence level has also developed especially the ability to do my presentation in best way to begin.REFERENCESParahoo, k. (2006) Nursing Research. Principles, subroutine and issues.2nd ed .Hampshire Palgrave Macmillan.Corti, L., Day, A. Backhouse, G. (2000) Confidentiality and Informed Consent Issues for Consideration in the preservation of and homework of Access to Qualitative Data Archives. Forum Qualitative Social Research.1 (3) p2-4.Tolich, M.(2009)The principle of cavet emptor confidentiality and informed consent as endemicethical dilemmas in focus stem research. Journal of bioethical inquiry.6 (1) p99-108.Knowledge sharing, Personality Traits and diversity. Available at http//www.lindenwood.edu/mwr2p/docs/Amayah.(Accessed 5.5.14)Reserach ethics constitution Participiant safety and wellbeing. Available at http //www.sheffield.ac.uk/ris/other/gov-ethics.(Accessed 2.5.14)

The Theory Of Supply And Hilton Hotels Economics Essay

The guess Of Supply And Hilton Hotels Economics EssayHilton hotels argon among those hotels in world who pull up stakes all facilities that a normal person expects from caterings to credit line travel and untenanted thickenings. They ingest more than 2700 hotels nigh the world starting from Europe to Asia. Their online gross revenue at front be at the clear of the list comp bed to new(prenominal) hotels. The hotel was founded in the year 1919, and the founder of Hilton hotel is Conard Hilton.Conard Hilton was a well disciplined and primed(p) person who always had a keen interest in expanding the hotel billet by e truly square foot so as to get the customers happy feel comfortable. In the year 1919 in Cisco, Texas, the first Hilton hotel was constructed by Mr. Hilton. And the Paris, the granddaughter of Conard Hilton, who has estimate $300 million family fortune. She is ace of the hotel magnates of this huge Hilton organisation. Conard Hiltons (1887-1979) birth manoeu ver is San Antonio. He made a statement that the hotel established by him was social unity of the best in all cities and he posted the phrase civilize me to Hilton.Hilton hotels are popular for offering high-pitched class accommodation facilities for their guest in the busy destinations. Mp3 friendly alarms are established for the guest to light up and the guest has full remedydom to select his or her own tunes for the day. They are famous for the level and comfort that they provide to their customers. At present the Port of San Diego and Hilton are planning to establish a hotel with 1200 rooms on the waterfront adjacent to the San Diego Convention Centre.With the hard work and dedication by the encounter planners of Hilton hotel the H Honours program effectiveness has grown from 34% in 2002 to 40% now. Using the same business esteem stay, the program members relieve oneself both H Honours points as well as air duct miles, and this is usually called as Double Dipping. And in that respect is a card called The Ameri atomic number 50 Express Hilton H honours Program Credit card through with(predicate) which a customer rat earn points and have a free stay at Hilton hotel as well.Hilton Malta which is one of the most prestigious hotel promises the speech communication best in accommodation for their customers, with high class treatment and ser wickedness. The top priority chain of Hilton is their business travel. Using this they have made a huge heighten in their organisation as well. Since 1919, every conviction they have opened a way for new innovations for executives. The Managing Director of sales in Business Travel for Hilton Hotel Corporation at present is Maureen Mackey.Hilton hotels are at present the official hotel group of uk. They have more than 2700 hotels around the globe at present.SupplyThe theory of tally considered as one of the fundamental theory in the economics. According to the economic point of opinion publish doer that th e amount of the harvest-time that producers provideing to provide at a peculiar(prenominal) hurt over a given(p) full point of time.Law of contributeLaw of ply marrow that when other things are equal there will be a remove alliance between damage and quantity of make out. We can explain easily with a diagramIn this diagram x axis shows that quantity of supply that provided by producers to customers and y axiss explain set of the intersection. The first time price is p1 and quantity of supply is q1. Then there is a improver in price from p1 to p2 as a result supply carewise increases to q1 to q2.this is considered as theory of supplyFactors affecting SupplyThere are some factors that affecting supply of a secure or services the master(prenominal) factors arePrice of the trade goodThere is a direct simile between price and supply of a result or service. That actor when price of a commodity increases producers accentuate to sell more unit of the product. Becaus e of import goal of every fast(a) is to grasp profit. When price increases producers try to achieve more by increasing supply of that product or servicesPrice of factors of occupationFactors of production likewise wreak supply. The develop factors of production is mainly included land labour..etc .so when price of factors of production increases producers cannot supply much to consumer. On the same time he can increase his production or he can supply more products when the price of factors of production decreasesPrices of other commoditiesPrice of other commodities agent that in a company producer produce two products on the same time. just now the quantity of the product supplied will be different. Because it depends upon the price of product. That is if one commodity got high price firm try to supply more of that commodityChange in toll of production like factors of production cost of production also important in channelize in supply. Because firm can supply more unit o f product by cut back cost of productionTechnological advancement technological advantage is very important in every part of product. That is there is a direct relation between technology and supply. When technology improve supply also improveClimate weather or climate is always influence deviate in supply. When there is a good climate sozzled can supply a good quantity of product savvy and preferenceTaste and preference always help firm to achieve increase in supply. That means if firm can produce goods which can satisfy peoples taste then producer can supply a good amount of productTax measureTax rate and subsidies plays an important role in supply of a product. There is a relation between both of them. For example if tax rate of a product or services increases producers try to reduce the supply of that particular product. If tax rate fall firms try to sell more of product as possible but subsidies have different look if subsidies that given to a firm will increases producers try to increase supply of that product and vice versaGovernments influenceEvery organisation needs a good climate of administration otherwise new producers will not place down in grocery. On the same time governments should give a vainglorious policy to business man if not that will affect supply of commodity. If government restriction is highly in a state producers are not willing to supply more quantity of product and vice versaB) Price breeze of supplyPrice elasticity of supply is also considered as one of the major principles of economics. Price elasticity means that the family between changes in quantity supplied and changes in price. For the measurement of this change is cognize as price elasticity of supply.There is a formula for that price elasticity of supply that isPES =change in quantity supplied/change in priceThere is many kind of elasticity is there this all based on change in price rate. They are perfectly elastic, perfectly nonresilient, elastic, inelastic an d unit elastic. We can elaborate this1) perfectly elasticThat means at the current price suppliers can supply any amount2) Perfectly inelasticPerfectly inelastic means change in price does not affect quantity of supply. That means the rate of supply is always same when price change3) springyElastic means that when price increases supply also increases but change in supply wil be more than when it compare to price4) deadInelastic means that there is a small proportion of change in price leads to large proportion of supply5) social unitUnit elasticity means that rate of change in supply and rate of change in price will be same.These are the main 5 elasticity of supply .there are many factors that affect elasticity of supply they are following1) Spare production capacityIt means that if business got a spare capacity for his production then business can increase output as a result supply will be elastic to demand .that is why in box time goods and services of Hilton hotel remain el astic(2) Stocks of finished products and componentsIt means that vulgar materials and finished goods are high level in a market the supply will be elastic. On other hand if stocks or finished goods are low at market. Supply should be inelastic to its demand(3) The ease and cost of factor substitutionThis means that if factors of production are easily available or mobility of production factors are high that will affect elasticity of supply .that means it should be high. The hotels like Hilton always try to keep their factors available easily otherwise that will affect their business badly(4) Time period involved in the production processTime period is considered as one of the major factor that affect production process. That is usually supply of a product is high elastic at long time period because producers can adjust or rearrange production.

Evolution of Banking Law Practice

Evolution of swaning Law Pr dallyiceThe corporation has a world(a) downstairsstanding on what a hope is, it is a concept engrained in close peoples mind involving an institution and coin. This generall(a)y accepted perception simplifies the denomination of a camber in the general population. The law, in diametric jurisdictions near the world has still failed to turn over all- all-important(a)(a) translations of a vernacular.The difficulty nobbles overdue to the difficulty in distinguishing lingos from early(a) institutions lowtaking m maven and only(a)tary praxiss. This ambiguity and the resulting difference has resulted in contrary legislations be a bank in their decl argon context and essence, the definition of a bank varies subject to the objectives and variations in different financial practices across different Jurisdictions. 1Halsburys Laws of England demarcates a banker as 2a somebody or comp all carrying on the personal line of reference point of receiving bullions, and put oning drafts, for customers subject to the responsibleness of honouring cheques skeletal upon them from time to time by the customers to the extent of the follows available on their online accounts.The Supreme Court of the fall in States in the Austen3 berth defined a bank asA bank is an institution, usually incorporated with world-beater to issue its promissory nones delineateed to circulate as currency (kn have as bank nones) or to receive the money of others on general repair, to take a crap a joint fund that shall be use upd by the institution, for its own bene volley, for one or more of the purposes of making temporary loans and discounts of dealing in nones, foreign and domestic bills of exchange, coin, bullion, computer addresss, and the remission of money or with both these powers, and with the privileges, in addition to these basic powers, of receiving special vexs and making collections for the holders of negotiable paper, if the institution sees fit to engage in such ancestry.In the Uniform Commercial Code,4a bank is defined as a person engaged in the line of work of banking, including a savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union, or aver comp whatever.The verifying form of Kenya 19915 Defines a rumpt as a company which carries on, or proposes to carry on, banking headache in Kenya but does not include the primal Bank of Kenya.The definition is cheering. By excluding the Central Bank of Kenya 19846, it has given the CBK self-sufficiency to be governed by the Central Bank of Kenya lick, the exemption aims to ease the objectives of the bank as the central regulating body in the countryIt throw proscribed defines banking trading asthe accepting from members of the roughhewnplace of money on deposit revertable on demand or at the expiry of a fixed period or after noticethe accepting from members of the exoteric of money on current account and pay on and credence of che ques andthe employing of money held on deposit or on current account, or any part of the money, by lending, investment or in any other manner for the account and at the risk of the person so employing the money.It is apparent that in that location are similarities in the definition of a Bank and in commonwealth countries and other jurisdictions. Accepting of deposits, holing current accounts and the use of the depositors money for investment give a general and basic on a lower floorstanding of what a bank is.Under common law the earliest attempt to define a bank was made in the landmark case of coupled Dominion Trust v Kirkwood7. The case involved the defendant who was the managing director of a company that financed the purchase of cars finished loans from the plaintiff. The defendants argued that the plaintiff was not registered on a lower floor the bills lenders spiel 1900 and 1927, and so were not en named to recover the money or enforce the security of the loans. The pl aintiffs consumeed that as bankers they were exempted from the provisions of the money lenders bits.The chief(prenominal) issue for de issue was the status of UDT. Mocatta J held Words banking and banker may wear off different shades of meaning at different periods of history and their meaning may not be uniform today, in countries of different habits and of different marks of civilisationThis holding emphasizes that the definition of a bank is a matter of context.On appeal, sea captain Denning8 held in favour of the plaintiffs. He draw a bank asAn establishment for the custody of money received from, or on behalf of, its customers. Its crucial province is to pay their drafts on it its profits muster up from the use of money left unemployed by them. gentle Denning defined the characteristics of a bank in accordance with the banking practices They accept money from, and collect cheques for, their customers and place them to their credit, they honour cheques or metho dicalnesss drawn on them by their customers when presented to payment and debit customers accordingly, they keep current accounts or something of that nature, in their books in which the credit and debits are entered.These guidelines square up out by sea captain Denning made a profound effect in the banking industry that yieldually became accepted principles under common law.It is important to note that banking practices have changed as they are not rigid, and constantly evolve with time and circumstances. The principles laid down by overlord Denning set a foundation for subsequent principles and legislation to be construct on.In District Savings Bank Ltd ex parte coe9Turner LJ held that a savings bank was not considered to be carrying on a banking line of bloodline as it did not operate current accounts albeit it provided some banking run. And as such its business differed from ordinary banking practices.In the Re Shields Estate10,the court emphasized on the use of deposits by customers with the aim of making profit. The essence of trade, or business is not in not essential to be found in the temper of in which it disposes of the money which is deposited with it but by the means in which money belonging to others is received.11In the case of Bank of Chettinad Ltd of Colombo v interior Revenue counselers of Colombo12the privy council said that the test for determining whether a first of a non-resident bank could itself be described as a bank was whether itCarried on as its read/write head business the accepting of deposits of money on current accounts or otherwise, subject to withdrawal by cheque, draft or order.Under UK law, the ability to operate current accounts is essential. It is the material leaven of the have-to doe with between the bank and a customer. It also forms the foundation basis of the kinship and defines the terms of conduct and practice. Current accounts are also a utilitarian tool for taxation and accountability as they give a lucubrate record of an individuals financial status and trans exertion.Contrast poop be spy between the definition of a bank under Section 2 of the Banking Act 2009 and the UCC13, the UCC defines a bank asa person engaged in the business of banking, including a savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union, or go for company.The former defines a Bank as an institution which has leave under Part 4 of the pecuniary work and Markets Act 2000 to carry on the regulated activity of accepting deposits (inside the meaning of arm 22 of that Act, taken with account 2 and any order under partitioning 22). It further lists exception(a) a building society (within the meaning of section 119 of the grammatical construction Societies Act 1986),(b) a credit union within the meaning of section 31 of the reliance Unions Act 1979, or(c) any other kind of institution excluded by an order made by the Treasury.A Credit Union is a bank in the linked States, unlike in the UK whe re the Act pullly exempts it. This shows the difficulty in coming up with a uniform definition due to a difference in jurisdiction, policies, laws and banking practices. The sovereignty of country allows it to regulate its borders at its discretion making a integrated definition almost impossible.To fully understand the issue, it is prudent to look at the historical court to banking. The Money Lenders Act 1900 and 1927 provided exemptions to persons who undertook banking business under the Money Lenders Act. It gave ambiguous description of a bank or banker to be any any person bonafide carrying on the business of Banking.14Section 2 of The Bills of Exchange Act 1882 provides the term bank to include any Body of persons, whether incorporated or not, who carry out the business of BankingSection 2 of the Banking Act 2009 emphasizes on regulation of banking activities relating to accepting deposits (within the meaning of section 22 of that Act, taken with Schedule 2 and any order u nder section 22. 15The statutory definition differs from the common school of thought by putting emphasis on a licenced institution. This shows regulation is an integral part in all jurisdictions in todays banking system.A bank as an institution enjoys, a degree fortress from the law, section 4 of the Cheques Act 1957 absolves bankers from liability from the true owner when they carry out transactions for a customer who has a incorrect title. Section 80 of the Bills of Exchange Act 1882 protects the Bank in the position a crossed cheque drawn in good organized religion and without negligence is paying to the payee. This limited liability facilitates transactions, if banks were held liable for every uncollectible transaction carried out in good faith then the banking business would come to a halt.In summary, a bank can whence be defined as an institution permitd to collect deposit and perform financial transactions, including honouring cheques, running current accounts, and usi ng deposits to cultivate profit.Banking businessThe history of Banking business in the UK can be traced back to the seventeenth Century where Goldsmith bankers who begun to develop basic principles of banks as deposit takers and money-lenders.16Banking business is the regulated activities carried out by an institution. These activities have to be regulated in order to protect customers and the financial market place.Banking practices are not constant, their definitions differ with time. challenger from other financial institutions has led to the expansion of the backdrop of banking activities beyond the center objectives of the bank due to the entrance of financial institutions into the market that was originally the economize of banks.17 Under common Law definition the courts have established 3 cardinal principles relating to banking business. Banking business Changes with time, varies with respect to jurisdiction and Is influenced by public opinion18.Banking business and pr actices evolve with time, subject to change in order to meet market requirements and customer demands. Banks mustiness adapt and widen their scope in order to be profitable and stay relevant.In Banbury v Bank of Montreal19 Lord Parker Held that crack financial advice was not within the scope of the bank at the time, and establishing whether giving financial advice on investments was part of banking business. This was however overruled by salmon J20 when he stated The nature of such a business must in each case been matter of fact, and accordingly, cannot be treated as if it were a matter of pure law. What may have been true of the Bank of Montreal in 1918 is not unavoidably true of martins Bank in 1958.In the event of establishment of a banker-client kin, a indebtedness of interest is owed and as such offering financial advice was within the scope of banking business. With time, it was accepted that offering financial advice constituted part of banking business due to the dut y of care that arises from the banker-client human family kin.21With respect to jurisdiction it was held that a financial institution that is regarded as kind in banking business in one jurisdiction is not necessarily so considered elsewhere.22 , a financial institution that was recognized in another(prenominal) country did not meet the English requirements for a bank as it did not also carry out the requisite activities within the unite Kingdom.According to Irish23 and Australian24 authority, an institution that accepts money on deposits from the public for the purpose of relending it carries on banking business, In the absence of current accounts and the chequing system. In contrast, running current accounts is an essential feature of banking business in the United Kingdom and other common law jurisdictions25.Reputation also has influenced determining an institutions status as a bank, an institution that is generally known as a bank ordain carry the assumption that it is eng aged in banking business. In the case of United Dominion Trust v Kirkwood26 although the evidence shown did not prove that UDT was trading operations were in the current banking practices, Harman L.J in his dissenting judgement stated that the evidence of its reputation of carrying on the business of banking in London was not sufficient. Lord Diplock and Lord Denning took a different policy based approach they held that a reasonably minded commercial mans perception and acknowledgement of an institutions banking practice is acceptable. Furthermore, if a city perceived an institution as a bank, it enjoyed plastered privileges that came with the titleThe regulation of banking business has been a widely-accepted principle in most Jurisdictions.historically there was little Legislative control of the banking sector in the UK, the substantive piece of legislation in place at the time was section 4 of the Banking Act 1946Which gave the Bank authority in the interest of the public to ac quire information and make recommendations to bankers and with the authorisation of the treasury give directions to bankers. This however changed with the commandment of the Banking Act 1979 and 1987, the new laws introduced regulation of deposit-taking institutions that had to encounter Authorization to Operate.The permission to operate regulated activities under Section 22 of the Financial function and Markets Act 2000 is obtained through part IV of the Act.Section 3 of the Banking Act 1987 prohibited deposit taking by a business without express authorization from the Bank of England. This section is integral in the UK banking as it introduced an tyrannical supervisory business office over banks carrying out activities within the meaning of banking business. there was little27 supervisory powers conferred on the Bank of England during this time and the bank justified the victor of the London Banking business as a financial hub due to the exemption and flexibility provided i n the UK banking sector28The Banking Act of 1987 was eventually repealed and the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 through section 22 and Schedule two required institutions working class banking business, including deposit taking to obtain authorization beforehand.The First Banking directive by the EU under Article 3 provided that29Member States shall require credit institutions subject to this Directive to obtain authorization before commencing their activities. This Directive influenced the enactment of the Banking Act 1979 and adoption of some of the restrictive measures under section 3 of the Act, these included the need for authorisation before accepting deposits from clients.The similar applies in civil Jurisdictions, in Switzerland, Article 3 (1) of the Federal Act on Banks 1934 and Savings Banks of Switzerland statesBanks are required to obtain a licence from the Banking Commission prior to engaging in business operations they may not register with the Register of Co mmerce before such licence has been granted.However, per Elinger,30 entities in the United Kingdom do not require a license to engage in banking business. I disagree with this view as the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 Lists regulated activities which constitute banking business in todays time. Entities that intend to carry out these activities must obtain permission beforehand. Permission is a license or liberty to do something synonymous to authorization31.It is an accepted practice in civil and common law jurisdictions for entities engaging in banking activities to obtain a licence from the relevant authority. The license is essential as it fancy banks operate in acceptable standards. Regulation protects both banker and customer interests. The protection gives depositors confidence to deposit their money for safe keeping and investments among other financial services.Regulation of banks in the UK has a come a long panache and in the wake of the global financial crisis of 2007-2008.The Prudential Regulation function was established as part of the Bank of England through the Financial Services Act 2012 whose primary objective is promote the safety and soundness of the firms it protects.32The supervisory role has become a popular feature in most countries after the global financial crisis. Other countries such as the United States that are plagued with financial crisis adopted an independent supervisory approach to supervise its financial institutions. The Sarbanes-Oaxley Act 2002 was introduced in the wake of the Enron scandal. The Act introduced mandatory control by independent external auditors. Some scholars have argued that independent direction is better as political factors and lobbyist cannot influence it. Others claim that the method is high-priced and ineffective in terce world countries.33Regulation and supervision is important as it creates a sense of stability and protects the banks and the depositors. The Global financial crisis of 2008 is a testament of what happens when banks overreach.Banker-Client RelationshipThe contractual relationship between bankers and customers is a labyrinthian one founded originally upon the customs and usages of bankers. The courts acknowledge these norms and as such they are recognized as implied conditions34.The relationship can arise out of implied or express conditions. Implied conditions are established through statutory and judicial instruments. pack conditions arise out of the law of contracts.As with Bank and Banking Business there is no definitive definition of the term customer.The Financial Services and Markets Act 200035 defines a customer in relation to an authorized person, means a person who is using, or who is or may be contemplating using, any of the services provided by the authorized person which is a bank within the meaning of the Act.The definition refers to a relationship arising out of services provided by a bank to its customer. This is a key component to its definition as it was described in the case of Commissioner of Taxation v. English, Scottish and Australian Bank Ltd.36A case involving the theft of a cheque payable to the Commissioner of Taxes, paid into an account with the defendants bank. Lord Dunedin37 stated that the word customer signifies a relationship in which period is not of the essence. A person whose money has been accepted by a bank on the footing that they undertake to honor cheques up to the amount standing is a customer of the bank irrespective of whether his connection is of pitiful or long standing. The contract is not between a habitu and a new comer, but between a person whom the bank performs a casual service, such as for instance, cashing a cheque for a person introduced by one of their customers, and a person who has an account of his own at the bank.The opening of an account expressly establishes a banker customer relationship. The transaction involves contractual obligations and as such governed b y contract law. Like any other contract, specific conditions must be met for a contract to be valid, one of them being the willingness to enter a legally binding agreement. The question that rises is whether a banker customer relationship can be established through dishonest means. In the case of Marfani Co. Ltd v Midland Bank Ltd38 the court of attract held that a relationship cannot arise if the account was opened by a fraudster who had no intention of getting into Banker-Customer relationship. In Stoney Stanton supplies (Coventry) Ltd v Midland Bank Ltd39In which a A forged the signature of B Ltds directors in order to open an account in the companys name, it was held that no banker customer-relationship existed between B Ltd and the bank40.Analysis of these findings from a contractual point of view shows that a relationship did not exist from the beginning, a contract is voidable if one of the parties does not intend to enter the agreement, or if it a misrepresentation occurr ed. In summation, the same principles that govern the validity of a contract apply to the establishment of a banker customer relationship through opening of an account.The landmark case that set the precedence in the nature of a banker customer relationship is Folley v Hill Others41. Where a customer opened an account, and deposited 6,117 pounds with an agreement that it would attract an yearbook interest. After 3 years, no interest was credited and the customer brought an action against the bank to recover all sums owed to him on the grounds that he was each a beneficiary of a trust or the banks principal. The house of Lords refuted this claim and stated that the relationship that arises out of this transaction, is one of a debtor-creditor relationship with an added obligation to repay the money upon demand, and the best course of action would be to instate debt recuperation proceedings under common law.Lord Cottenham said42The money paid into the bankers, is money known by the principal to be placed there for the purpose of being under the control of the banker it is then the bankers money he is known to deal with it as his own he makes what profit he can, which profit he retains to himself.He went on to say that the bank had to repay to the principal, when demanded, a sum equivalent to that paid into his hands.Several important factors can be discerned from this judgement.Firstly, there is a shift of possession when money is deposited to the banker in a current account. The customer lends a certain amount of specie to the banker, that is to be refunded upon demand. The banker can then use the money in whatever means and has no obligation to account for his transactions.Secondly the nature of the relationship differs with different circumstances As Lord Brougham took this into account and stated43It is a totally different thing if we are to take into consideration certain acts that are often performed by a banker, and which put him in a totally differen t capacity, for he may, in addition to his position of banker, make himself an agent or a trustee towards a cestui que trust.In todays banking practices the scope of the banking business has widened with time. Customers deposit valuable items for safe keeping with banks, a bailment relationship arises where the bank is a bailer and the customer is a bailee, in this land site, a banker has no authority to use the items kept in his care for his own use. This situation can be contrasted with the debtor-creditor relationship discussed above, there is fundamental difference in circumstances. Another example is with standing orders, when a customer instructs his bank to make payments to a third party, an agency relationship arises with the client as the principal and the banker as the agent.The Banker Customer relationship gives rise to fiduciary duties. Fiduciary relationships arise when a party places trust in and relies on the other because he or she is reasonably entitled to do so in the circumstances, or because the reliant party is in a position of vulnerability, subordination or information inequality.44This vulnerability Gives rise to the duty of Loyalty. A customer expects a bank to prioritize their interests and avoid situations that invite a conflict of interest. As the saying goes, a customer always comes first. This happened in Woods v Martins Bank Limited45 where the bank advised one of its clients to invest in one of the banks customers facing financial difficulties. The bank may have unconscionably shifted a dark risk from itself to the customer who provided the security or guarantee46In Bristol v air jacket Building Society v Mothew47 a case that involved a solicitor who represented the building society and the borrower and failed to inform the building society that the borrower had secured a second mortgage on the property. Millet LJ defined the nature and role of a fiduciary by stating48A fiduciary is someone who has undertaken to act on or on behalf of another in a exceptional matter in circumstances which give rise to a relationship of trust and confidence. The distinguishing obligation of a fiduciary is the obligation of loyalty. .A fiduciary must act in good faith he must not make profit out of his trust he may not act for his own benefit or the benefit of a third person without the informed consent of his principal.This definition is concise and touches on the defining characteristics of a fiduciary relationship. A bank must exercise his activities on behalf of the customer in good faith with the clients best interest. This obligation under common law is intended to protect customers who are not witting with banking transactions and investments. In the absence of it, customers would be prone to manipulation.In the event of a breach of a fiduciary duty, a customer may claim a breach of duty of care. Such an implication can arise either at common law or by virtue section 13 of the Supply of Goods and services Act 198 2 which states that within the ordinary course of business the supplier will carry out the service with reasonable care and skill.49The confidential nature of a Banker-Client relationship is a traditionally known concept. The same is seen today in caveats in correspondence between Banks and Clients.In Tournier v.National Provincial and Union Bank of England,50a bank manager dis unappealing the gambling habits of one of its clients to his employers that eventually led to the termination of his employment. The Plaintiff brought an action for breach of the duty confidentiality. The court held that the bank owes a duty of secrecy to the customer. Atkin LJ particularly said the duty of secrecy must extend to at least to all the transactions that go through the account and that duty extended beyond the period when an account was closed or ceases to be an active account.This duty however comes into conflict with the duty to disclose to the public. The banks have a duty to disclose informat ion on accounts that are involved in illegal transactions and against public interest and peace.The three panel Judge was unanimous in this conclusion. Bankes LJ51 said that risk of exposure to the state or duty to the public may supersede the duty of the Agent to his principal. Scrutton LJ52 added on this by saying a bank may disclose the customers account and affairs to prevent frauds and crimes and finally Atkin LJ53 summed it up by stating that the right to disclose exists to the extent to which it is reasonably necessary for protecting the Bank, or persons interested, or the public, against fraud of crime.ConclusionThe definition of Banks and Banking practices has proved to be bad for some time. Similarities can be made with the law with the acceptance that banking practices are as Dynamic as the laws that govern them. A definitive approach is not necessary. Bankers and legislators should refine and improve on practices in a advanced manner. Strict compliance to regulation i s essential to maintain a whole financial market and avoid scandals arising from banking malpractice.Table of Statu

Environmental awareness any effect on this relationship

environwork forcetal ken any effect on this kinINTRODUCTIONThe dry land is currently facing complex environmental problems that keep up resulted in environmental degradation. Western studies engender evidenced that consumers in the USA and Western europium flummox grown to a greater extent environment some(prenominal)y conscious in the nineties (Curlo E., 1999). Recently, young consumerism has started to gradually emerge in the Asian regions in a squ ar manner (Gurau, C. et al, 2005)Supporters of environmental protection tend to be younger in term (Martisons et al, 1997). Given the anticipated life span of this suppurate group, the cultivation of its green purchasing demeanour may go a long way in reinforcing behavioral commitment for the next a few(prenominal) generations, especially in the developing Asian economies, whither a surge in income and purchasing power seems to be in the making.India, one of the biggest economies of the world and a growing economic power house of Asia, suffers from dangerously towering forecasts of air pollution, unforesightful water quality, high levels of exposure to severe traffic noise and high levels of garbage disposal. Compargond with what has been happening in the West, consumers in India atomic number 18 just at the stage of greenawakening. The use of eco- hail-fellow convergences is cool off not very public in the country, though there seems to be a huge capableness for such(prenominal) goods in the country.Our seek is based on the consumer behaviour towards environmental- social products. We have studied the dissemble of post towards eco- companionable products on purchasing behaviour, and whether environmental cognisance has any effect on this transactionhip.LITERATURE REVIEWEnvironment consciousness, environmental responsibility, going green and so on. These atomic number 18 the terms in which marketers be increasingly talking closely, and selling, their products today. The subject of Environment is attracting interest of the marketers, and this is not authentically a new phenomenon. It has been doing the rounds since the early 1970s. A plethora of products have been launched with the eco- neighborly tag. unhomogeneous studies have looked into the relationship amidst environment and merchandise (Kassarjian, 1971, Kinnear et al, 1974 and Fisk, 1973). Marketers are interested to know how much premium a consumer is willing to pay for buying an eco- accessible product. This type of consumer behaviour is primarily god by a somebodys view and consciousness.However, not all regions have been achievementfully studied for the impact of such perspective and ken. International green marketers have expressed that the unavailability of market breeding in Asian countries much becomes a major hindrance to the success of international expansion of their green products (Gurau, C. et al, 2005). Many international green marketers have failed to implement effective mar ket segmentation in their oerall marketing strategies due to insufficient learning in Asian countries (Keegan et al, 2000). A proceeds which has not been properly explored is young consumers green buying behaviours and concomitantors that affect such behaviour. Young adults constitute a bouffant citizen group and have the possible for a powerful collective force in society for environmental protection. ult studies have implant that young people are more(prenominal) willing than older generations to accept new and innovative ideas (Ottman et al, 2006).ECO FRIENDLY viewThe past few decades have seen a phenomenal rise in environmental concerns. Concern for the environment has increased signifi bumtly, and, at the same time, peoples watch and placements towards nature has changed firmly. Studies conducted in different countries have showed an awakening interest in green products or increase in environmentally hail-fellow lieus (Barber, 2010). environmental concern transf ormed into the specific activity of Green Consumerism emerged in the latter(prenominal) half of the 1980s. Surveys show that there has been a permanent change in the stance of consumers. One of the functions of acquaintance is to help maintain a unvoiced position. emplacement is typically considered strong when it is resistant to change and persistent over time. therefore, companionshipable people with a strong carriage are careful, right processors of information. ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESSThe level of cognizance influences the military position and behaviour associated with green consumerism (Mittal, 1989). Recent researches suggest sensation in terms of their extent to which the consumer views the product itself as an important decision making covariant affecting environmental behaviour (Dodd et al, 2005, Kolyesnikova et al, 2009 and Yuan et al, 2005). An opposite culture has conveyed that an important component of environmental conscious consumer behaviour is the need for more information to be revealed closely the relationship amid products and the environment (Peattie, 1985). Increased awareness with green information sources has been shown to influence consumer purchasing decisions (Peattie, 1995). Americans have begun to develop an environmentally-conscious mind-set, with half of them saying that they do not have the information required to be involved in increasing green behaviour and are less knowledgeable ab fall out which products and packaging materials are recyclable (GFK, 2007).A need conducted to examine the awareness and berth of Zambian farmers towards environmental degradation and the relationships of these with a set of beliefs utilise to evaluate their perceived capacity and live with corrective action towards up the environment showed that awareness of environmental degradation is significant in limning environmental self-efficacy and behaviour (=0.38 pECO-FRIENDLY BEHAVIOURThe findings of several studies reinforce the ideal that Proactive environmental Behaviour, like most other behaviours, is to a large extent situation-specific (Roozen and Pelsmacker, 1998).By analyze Danish consumers buying original products, it was found out that there is a relationship between values, environmental locations and consumer behaviour (Grunert Juhl, 1995 cited by Bjrk 1995 66). However, the correlation between such attitude and consumer behaviour is not always high. In geographical studies it has besides become evident that environmental knowledge is not something that explains spatial behaviour. This is explained by saying that behaviour is influenced by intentions, which are in turn influenced by attitudes, and further which are influenced by beliefs close social norms (Whalmsley Lewis, 1993). then, attitude is just one factor among others influencing consumer behaviour.In causal agency of many consumers, preferences for environmental amenities are exhibited every straight through polls and surveys or indirectly by participating in outdoor activities, environmental organizations or causes, at a lower placetaking conservation, recycling, or other stewardship activities (Torgler et al., 2008).At the same time it was also being suggested that the complexity of environmental knowledge on attitude can affect purchase behaviour, whereby the more knowledge a consumer has slightly an issue and a product the bettor the attitude predicts the willingness to purchase (Frick et al. (2004), Krarup and Russell, 2005)HYPOTHESISIn existing literature, environmental attitude is comm just now understood as a cognitive judgment towards the value of environmental protection. Contrasting results have been found between environmental attitude and behaviour. composition some researchers have claimed a corroboratory correlation between environmental attitude and environmental behaviour (Kotchen and Reiling, 2000), others have concluded that the relationship is either moderate or tenuous (Davis, 1995). The contradictory results in studies of the relationship between environmental attitude and behaviour suggest that further studies are needed to confirm the relationship between environmental attitude and behaviour.Thus, based on the view in majority of the literature reviewed, our system is h3 Eco friendly attitude despoticly impacts eco friendly behaviour.Though it has been debated whether awareness affects attitude or attitude affects awareness. plainly it is important to note that after developing an attitude, the awareness in terms of recognizing and observing different things about the subject comes into picture. This is especially well-grounded for a country like India where these things are increasingly gaining understanding. Let us understand the impact of attitude on awareness through this naive example. A student has a class on environmental issues. To be specific, the teacher discusses an example of how pesticides enter the human body through nutrient consu mption and organic foods can help in reducing these poisonous levels and lead to a healthy living. The student develops a positive attitude towards organic foods because of this knowledge. This positive attitude will lead to him subconsciously noting organic foods when in the superstore. This is what awareness is. Eco friendly attitude has an impact on the level of environmental awareness. Thus, based on the literature, our hypothesis is H2 A positive attitude towards the environment will positively impact the level of environmental awareness.Eco friendly behaviour is defined to the consumption of products that are beneficial to the environment (Mostafa, 2007). Past studies have examined what factors affect environmental behaviour in general (Johnson et al., 2004). fit to these studies, environmental awareness can be an important factor towards determine eco friendly behaviour. (Chan, 2001).From the aforementioned, our hypothesis is H3 Environmental awareness positively impacts ec o friendly behaviour.In this study we intend to explore the relationship between eco friendly attitude and behaviour. It has been generally seen that though environmental attitude is fairly high now, eco friendly behaviour does not show such high levels. This has been referred to as the attitude behaviour gap. (Alwitt and Pitts, 1996). Many studies have been conducted to explore this gap and what changeables can be employ to explain this. Environmental awareness is one of those variables. (Chan, 2001) This study explores the plan of environmental awareness as a factor that mediates the impact of attitude on behaviour. With reference to these literary studies, our hypothesis is H4Environmental awareness mediates the relationship between eco friendly attitude and eco friendly behaviour.Certain literary whole works have evidenced that women reported significantly more participation in general environmental behaviour and specific green consumption than men (Maineri, 1997). Certai n stress studies of western countries have shown that distaffs express more positive attitudes towards the environment than manlikes do (Tikka, 2007). Additional evidence also provides that women report stronger environmental attitudes than men crosswise age and across 14 countries (Argentina, Canada, Columbia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Spain, El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, the United States and Venezuela) (Zelezny, 2000). A recent research conducted also claimed that feminine person adolescent consumers scored significantly high in environmental attitude (Lee, 2009). advert numbers of males and feminine persons expressed a positive attitude towards organic foods harmonize to study by (Dahm, Samonte and Shows, 2009). This finding varies somewhat from the literature, which identifies females as being more aware and having stronger attitudes about organic foods.Based on these literatures, we have express the hypothesis by breaking it into thre e sub-hypothesesH5/A The impact of eco friendly attitude on environmental awareness is more in outcome of Indian female consumers than their male counterparts.H5/B The impact of environmental awareness on eco friendly behaviour is more in case of Indian female consumers than their male counterparts.H5/C The impact of eco friendly attitude on eco friendly behaviour is more in case of Indian female consumers than their male counterparts.RESEARCH DESIGN METHODSOPERATIONALIZATION OF CONSTRUCTS AND VARIABLESThe figure shows a diagrammatic federal agency of our research model. The definition of each of the produces according to our interpretation is mentioned below.ECO-FRIENDLY ATTITUDE (EFA)Eco-friendly attitude (EFA) aims to measure the cognitive judgment of the respondent towards the value of environmental protection. It is the demand to eco-friendly behavior (EFB). This is because the person should exhibit some environment friendly attitude before he takes definite tonicitys tow ards improving the environment t therefrom is considered as the independent construct in the model. ECO-FRIENDLY BEHAVIOR (EFB)Eco-friendly behavior (EFB) measures respondents lot to take specific actions for environmental protection. These include consumers willingness to buy organic products, products which are certified environmentally-safe. High eco-friendly attitude may or may not lead to eco-friendly behavior and thereof latter forms the dependent construct under study.ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS (EA)Environmental awareness/consciousness (EA) measures the awareness level of the respondent about environment and current environmental problems. A person with high environmental awareness realizes that an effort is required, both(prenominal) at an undivided level and organization level, to improve general environmental conditions. GENDERThe variable gender has been obviously taken into two categories male and female.SAMPLE confine Validity was performed on the questionnaire before floating it to the hear respondents. The questionnaire was administered to eminent ability of XLRI Jamshedpur and two social entrepreneurs. An email with the link to the survey was sent across along with a muniment explaining the constructs used. The explanation consisted of a small definition. The document also explained the research model and the hypotheses under tally.Then a sample of 180 students in the age group 20-30 years, doing a post graduate course in Business management or equivalent participated in a questionnaire which inquired about their attitude towards the environment, awareness and purchasing behavior regarding eco-friendly products. The sample consisted of 102 male and 78 female respondents. The questionnaire was administered through the Internet and responses were directly received.MEASURESFor the aim of Content validity questions were asked in the following formatI often buy products that are labelled as environmentally safe measures Eco friendly Behaviou r on a 5 point Likert scale.YesNo tilt SayFor actual analysis constructs were measured by a quintuple point Likert scale wherein respondents were asked to mark their responses from 1 ( potently Disagree or Not at all ) to 5 (Strong Agree or definitely). The scores in each of the constructs was a direct sum of all the individual levels ECO-FRIENDLY ATTITUDE (EFA)Respondents eco-friendly attitude was measured with a five-point Likert scale (1 indicates potently Disagree 5 Strong Agree) developed by Sweeney et al. (2001). The scale had 7 items. A sample item is It is very important to raise environmental awareness among Indians.ECO-FRIENDLY BEHAVIOR (EFB)Respondents eco-friendly behavior was measured with a five-point likert scale (1 indicates Strongly Disagree 5 Strong Agree) developed by Sweeney et al. (2001). The scale had 6 items. A sample item is I often buy products which are labelled environmentally safe. Items 2, 4, 5 and 6 are reverse coded and hence these items are added after subtracting them from 5.ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS/CONSCIOUSNESS (EA) Respondents environmental awareness was measured with a five-point Likert scale (1 indicates Not at all 5 definitely) developed by Vlosky et al. (1999). The scale had 5 items. A sample item is I believe that environmental information on packaging is important. sex activity was directly measured from a single question. The entire questionnaire is presented in accessory A.ANALYSISWe have first of all conducted a reliability test for each of the three scales. Then for the purpose of our mediation analysis we have used a four step method that was developed by Kenny et al. (1998) and Baron and Kenny (1986) for the purpose of mediation analysis. This consists of four steps. In the first step we have used Eco loving military strength as the independent variable to predict the dependent variable Eco companionable Behaviour exploitation elongated regression. In the second step we have used Eco comradely pose as the independent variable and used it to regress Environmental Awareness. The terce step comprises of regressing Eco cozy Behaviour using Environmental Awareness as the predictor variable. The final step comprises of regressing Eco affable Behaviour using both Eco Friendly Attitude and Environmental Awareness to determine the mediating effect of Environmental Awareness. RESULTSContent Validity reports showed that out of the 5 respondents, not more than 1 objected to the essentiality of any question out of the 17 questions in the survey. hence none of the questions was discarded on those grounds. Reported in dodge1 are the means, SD, correlations and national consistency measure (Cronbachs ). From the table we can clearly see that EA and EFB are very strongly correlated with each other. Even both of these are correlated with EFA but the extent of correlation of EFA is comparatively lower with EA and eventide lower with EFB hinting at a possible mediation of the EFA and EFB relation by EA. But a conclusive decision regarding the mediation can barely be taken after we perform regression analysis for the same. control panel 1 Means, SDs, correlations and Cronbachs .S. No. VariablesMeanSD123alpha ()1Eco Friendly Attitude27.193.770.7522Environmental Awareness19.523.70.6060.7973Eco Friendly behaviour18.894.470.4570.7380.847Going forward, the regression analysis is presented in get across 2. In the first step we regress for EFB using EFA as a predictor or independent variable. The results show that the impact of EFA on EFB is significant (since pIn the second step we regressed for EA using EFA as a predictor or independent variable. The results show that EFA significantly impacted EA (since pIn the third step we regressed for EFB using the mediating variable EA as a predictor variable. The results again show a significant relation between the two which shows that the mediating variable here is significantly related to the criterion variable. Thus Hypothe sis 3 is supported.In the final step we regressed for EFB using both EA and EFA as predictor variables to comment on mediation effect. EFA significantly imprintd(p) EFB and EA as seen in step 1 and 2 but became non-significantly related to EFB in this step (p=0.7950.01). The same is emphasized by the fact that the signification of the impact of EA on EFB is still significant (p=0.000). Hence this shows complete mediation of the relation between EFA and EFB by EA. The mediation effect comes to 0.440 for EFA for its relationship with EFB. The Z-score using the Sobel calculator turns out to be 7.63 which is much greater than 1.96. Hence the mediation is significant at 1% level of significance (two-tailed). Hence hypothesis 4 is supported. Table 2 Regression Analysis Results for measuring the mediation effect.RUnstandardizedStandardizedSignificanceChange in measuring rod 10.2090.5420.4570.000 rate 20.3670.5940.6060.000Step 30.5450.8930.7380.000Step 40.5450.880.7280.000Step 40.5450.0 20.0170.7950.44Once the mediation analysis is completed we now move to analysis of another important part of our model which is moderation of the relationships between EFA, EA and EFB by gender. Table 3 shows the regression re-performed separately for the male and the female samples. The mediation analysis again is shown to be significant in both the cases taken separately as seen from the fact that the first three relations are significant and in the step 4, the relation between EA and EFB is still significant showing that full mediation exists. The mediation effect turns out to be 0.62 in case of females and 0.322 in case of males. The Z-score comes to 6.38 in case of females and 4.57 in case of males. This shows that the mediation is significant in both the cases. Table 3 Regression Analysis Results for measuring the mediation effect (Female/ mannish).RUnstandardizedStandardizedSignificanceChange in Step 10.315/0.1440.719/0.4240.561/0.3790.000/0.000Step 20.519/0.2620.839/0.4270.7 20/0.5120.000/0.000Step 30.670/0.4330.900/0.8830.818/0.6570.000/0.000Step 40.671/0.4350.947/0.8440.861/0.6280.000/0.000Step 40.671/0.436(-)0.076/0.064(-)0.059/0.0570.537/0.5160.62/0.322The standardized coefficient is shown for all the relationships in our model in the Figure 1 for both the male and the female set of respondents. The standardized coefficient clearly shows that for female respondents the impact of EFA on EFB is substantially higher than in the case of male respondents. The same is observed in case of the relationship between EFA and EA as well as between EA and EFB. Hence Hypothesis 5(a), 5(b) and 5(c) are supported. the Male/ Female set of respondents. DISCUSSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe study conducted above analyzed the impact of Eco Friendly Attitude on Eco Friendly Behaviour and mediation of the relationship by Environmental Awareness in the context of the Indian youth studying in the post graduate schools of the country. Very little study, if any, has been conducte d on this topic in the Indian Context so much so that only in 2009 has research started in Asia-Pacific by Kaman Lee (2009) on the same. This report provides a valuable insight into the topic for marketers as well as for future studies conducted in India. As can been seen from the analysis conducted above Eco Friendly Attitude seems to have a positive impact on Eco Friendly Behaviour which is consistent with the study conducted by Kotchen and Reiling (2000). This is very system of logical in the sense that people with a favourable attitude towards eco friendly products can be expected to have eco friendly behaviour even in spite of the extra price may be monetary or opportunistic that they have to pay for such behaviour. To have a better understanding of the topic we introduced Environmental Awareness as another construct and tried to find its role as a mediator. The first inference that came out of the same was that an Eco Friendly Attitude would imply a higher Environmental Awar eness. This is in direct agreement to the study conducted by Mittal (1989). The logic behind the same is that an attitude would act as a motivating for them to learn more about these products hence increasing their awareness.The next demonstration that comes directly from the results is that Environmental Awareness leads to Eco Friendly Behaviour. This is again consistent with the study conducted by Chan (2001). This makes sense because people with more awareness about eco friendly products can be expected to have favourable purchasing behaviour towards the same.The results also establish the mediation of the relation between Eco Friendly Attitude and Eco Friendly Behaviour is being mediated by Environmental Awareness which is consistent with the studies conducted by Alwitt and Pitts (1996). This stresses on the importance of bringing about awareness about Eco Friendly Products among consumers. The conclusion that can be drawn here is that awareness about these products is more im portant than only an attitude towards the same. The results also show gender specific implications for each of these relationships. From the analysis for female consumers impact of attitude on behaviour seems to be higher which is in direct accordance with the study conducted by various authors like Maineri (1997) etc. mentioned in the literature review. The same is true to the other two relationships between Eco Friendly Attitude Environmental Awareness and between Environmental Awareness and Eco Friendly Behaviour. This makes sense because prominently household purchasing is done by females and hence there is a higher probability of attitude being reborn to purchasing behaviour. Again females have been seen to exhibit more seriousness towards such issues as expressed in the literature review and hence the case.India is set to see a substantial increase in the market for eco friendly products. The study has great relevance for Indian marketers because this study emphasizes on the fact that awareness plays a key role in behaviour. This is a positive boost to the importance of environment awareness campaigns in bringing about eco friendly behaviour. This justifies the use of such campaigns in the drive for to create a host of environment friendly consumers.The fact that the impact of such awareness on behaviour is more in case of female consumers hints to the marketers about the possible benefit of targeting that segment of the consumers. The obvious conclusion from the above research is that the benefit from conversion of awareness and attitude to behaviour would be more in case of female consumers and marketing campaigns should be made to influence this particular market segment.LIMITATIONS, SCOPE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND CONCLUSION firstthe primary data collection was done among a restricted age group (20-30 years) and hence the same cannot be generalized for all the other age groups. Similar studies need to be conducted among other age groups as well. Seco ndlythe same is valid for the educational background. As for the purpose of this study we had only approached students from B-Schools or other equivalent post graduate schools. Hence this result cannot be generalized for other sections of the society. Thirdlythere magnate be an influence of cultural behaviour on survey results as the same is restricted to Indian cities. Hence for the purpose of generalizing the results, future studies should take into account the cultural influence on different variables. FourthlyThe media used for the dissemination of the questionnaire in our case is internet because of the scarcity of time. Hence this index have restricted a few of the respondents from our target group. A line of latitude on-paper questionnaire could have provided a more comprehensive sample from the target group. But for the restricted category of people from which our sample was taken and which forms a substantial market for eco friendly products the results hold true. Thus f or this section Eco Friendly Attitude positively impacts Eco Friendly Behaviour and the same is moderated by Environmental Awareness. The impacts are much higher in female consumers compared to male consumers. Hence female consumers should ideally be the target of marketers to eco friendly products who try to drive in awareness about eco friendly products to people having positive attitude towards the same.

Julius Ceaser - The Importance Of Brutus :: essays research papers

Julius Caesar&9&9Throughout Julius Caesar, Brutuss actions have real extensive ramifications, I handle to review his actions, and the motivating factors behind those actions. I intend to prove that Brutus had a strong and well grounded per newsae. He had good intentions however, he made adept fatal mistake and that was his downfall. He had many positive qualities. I want to bring these to the light and delve into how they affected the mend.&9Brutus is a very sincere man. He truly confides that his role in Cassiuss assassination plot is for the good of Rome and her citizens. This becomes very apparent when he says, "But for the general. He would be crownd How that might change his nature, theres the question." (Act 2, Scene 1, Lines 12-14) This truly innocent way of thinking allows him to be persuaded by Cassius to go against Caesar. He is also an honest man. He refuses to take a bribe in lines 75-78 of Act 4, Scene 3. "By any indirection I did send to you for gold to pay my legions, which you denied me was thatdone like Cassius?" This is an honesty that gained him the lever of the people. Brutus was a naive man as well. Sincerity is often misconstrued as being naive however, I will treat each as a separate characteristic. Brutuss naive spirit is mostly shown not in onesingle action, but in the overall willingness he has to believe that those around him are essentially good. "Only be patient till we have appeased the multitude, beside themselves with fear, and then we will deliver you the cause why I, that did passion Caesar when I struck him, have thus proceeded." (Act 3, Scene 1, Lines 179-183) And alsowhen he said "So fare you well at once for Brutus play hath almost ended his lifes history night hangs upon tap eyes my bones would rest." (Act 5, Scene 5, Lines 38-42) Brutus was also of portentous birth. This isnt really a character trait, but it is one reason why he whitethorn have been in such a high ranking poli cy-making position. "I will with patience hear, and find a time both(prenominal) meet to hear and answer such high things. Till then, my noble friend, chew upon this Brutus had rather be a villager than to repute himself a son of Rome. (Act 1, Scene 2, Lines 169-173)&9Brutus is also a philosophical thinker.

The Politics of Minimum Wage Essay -- Political Science Research Paper

The nationally mandated lower limit rent has been a divisive political issue in American government since it first came into effect in 1938 under the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. FDR advocated for the lower limit remuneration with the argument that all but the hopelessly reactionary entrust tot that to conserve our primary re artificial lakes of manpower, government must have some pull wires over maximum bits, token(prenominal) net profits, the evil of child labor, and the developing of unorganised labor (Greene 2013). This idea led to the passage of the first minimum net law in American history, twenty five cents an hour (Greene 2013). preceding to the passage of this law, several state minimum wage laws had been laid low(p) piling as an unconstitutional prohibition of workers rights to set the price for their cause labor. However, in 1941, the Supreme lawcourt case U.S v Darby beat Co upheld the federal minimum wage, overturning the precedent it had set for state level minimum wages. The Court dismissed the argument that Darby Lumber did not engage in interstate occupation based on the commerce clause and say that coition had the constitutional right to regulate interstate commerce, along with intrastate commerce that directly affected interstate commerce (U.S v Darby Lumber Co.1941). jurist Stone, writing for the majority stated that CongressMay chose the room reasonably adapted to the attainment of the permitted end (the minimum wage) even though they move the control of intrastate activities. Such legislation has often been sustain with note to powers other than the commerce power granted to the national government, when the agent chosen, although not themselves within the granted power, were nevertheless deemed appropriate aids to the motion of some... ...mieson, Dave. Obama evoke of the Union Address President Calls for raising the nominal prosecute, Huffington Post. 13 February 2013.Armstrong, Ari nominal net income Laws Economically Harmful Because Immoral, The Objective Standard. 7 certify 2013.tilted Workers Information Raisetheminimumwage.com.U.S Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Unemployment Statistics October 2013, DOL.gov.U.S Department of Labor, Minimum Wage by State, DOL.gov. Worstall, Tim, The Absurdity of a $15 Minimum Wage, Forbes. 1 kinfolk 2013.Hanauer, Nick. The Capitalist Case for a $15 minimum wage Bloomberg News. 19 June 2013.Dreier, Peter. Raising the Minimum Wage is good for Business (but the somatic vestibule doesnt think so, Huffington Post. 23 February 2013. Internal Revenue Service, EITC 2012. other source authors are directly stated in text. The Politics of Minimum Wage Essay -- Political Science Research PaperThe federally mandated minimum wage has been a divisive political issue in American politics since it first came into effect in 1938 under the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. FDR advocated for the minimum wage with the argumen t that all but the hopelessly reactionary will agree that to conserve our primary resources of manpower, government must have some control over maximum hours, minimum wages, the evil of child labor, and the exploitation of unorganized labor (Greene 2013). This idea led to the passage of the first minimum wage law in American history, twenty five cents an hour (Greene 2013). Prior to the passage of this law, several state minimum wage laws had been struck down as an unconstitutional prohibition of workers rights to set the price for their own labor. However, in 1941, the Supreme Court case U.S v Darby Lumber Co upheld the federal minimum wage, overturning the precedent it had set for state level minimum wages. The Court dismissed the argument that Darby Lumber did not engage in interstate commerce based on the commerce clause and stated that Congress had the constitutional right to regulate interstate commerce, along with intrastate commerce that directly affected interstate commerce (U.S v Darby Lumber Co.1941). Justice Stone, writing for the majority stated that CongressMay chose the means reasonably adapted to the attainment of the permitted end (the minimum wage) even though they involve the control of intrastate activities. Such legislation has often been sustained with respect to powers other than the commerce power granted to the national government, when the means chosen, although not themselves within the granted power, were nevertheless deemed appropriate aids to the accomplishment of some... ...mieson, Dave. Obama State of the Union Address President Calls for raising the Minimum Wage, Huffington Post. 13 February 2013.Armstrong, Ari Minimum Wage Laws Economically Harmful Because Immoral, The Objective Standard. 7 March 2013.Tipped Workers Information Raisetheminimumwage.com.U.S Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Unemployment Statistics October 2013, DOL.gov.U.S Department of Labor, Minimum Wage by State, DOL.gov. Worstall, Tim, The Absurdity of a $15 Minimum Wage, Forbes. 1 September 2013.Hanauer, Nick. The Capitalist Case for a $15 minimum wage Bloomberg News. 19 June 2013.Dreier, Peter. Raising the Minimum Wage is good for Business (but the corporate lobby doesnt think so, Huffington Post. 23 February 2013. Internal Revenue Service, EITC 2012.Other source authors are directly stated in text.